Science Chapter 2

Solids, Liquids, & Gases

solid

definite shape and definite volume

Do solids have tightly fixed together particles?

yes

crystalline solids

solids that are made up of crystals and form a repeating pattern

amorphous solids

particles are not arranged in a regular pattern

Amorphous solids are…

plastics, rubber, glass

Do amorphous solids melt at a specific temperature?

Amorphous solids do not melt at a specific temperature

liquid

a definite volume but no shape of its own

Are particles packed closely together in liquids

sort of

are the molecules free to move in a liquid

molecules are free to move in a liquid

fluid

a substance that flows

surface tension

inward pull among the molecules of a liquid

viscosity

liquid resistance to flowing

high viscosity …

flows slowly

Honey and mallasis…

have a high viscosity

gas

do definite shape nor definite volume

melting

solid to liquid

melting point

the temperature in which a pure substance melts

at it’s melting point…

particles of a solid are vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed positions

freezing

liquid to solid

the opposite of melting is …

freezing

at the freezing point…

the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly that they begin to form regular patterns

vaporization

liquid to gas

vaporization is when…

the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to form a gasthe

the kinds of vaporization are …

boiling and evaporation 

evaportation

vaporization that only takes place on the surface of a liquid

boiling

occurs when a liquid changes to gas below it surface as well as at the surface

boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid boils

the boiling of a substance depends on the pressure of the air above it

true

condensation

opposite of vaporization, occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid

sublimation

occurs when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a gas.

during sublimation particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas

true

dry ice is an example of…

sublimation

when working with a gas it is helpful to know… 

volume, temperature, and pressure

pressure is measured in …

pascals

pressure equals 

force divided by area

pressure 

force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls in the container

volume

amount of space that matter fills

temperature

measure of the average energy and of random motion of the particles of a substance

boyle’s law

when the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. when the pressure is decreased the volume increases

pressure and temperature

when the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas increases. when the temperature is decreased, the pressure of the gas decreases

charle’s law

when the temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure, its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas is decreased at constant, it volume decreases

graph

a diagram that tells how two variables or factors that change are related 

origin

a line would pass through the point 0,0

y axis

responding variable

x axis

manipulated variable

directly porportional

a graph of two variables is a straight line passing through the origin is directly porportional to each other

vary inversely

two variable forms this kind of curve, the variables to vary inversely. this shows means that when one variable goes up the other variable goes down in a regular way