SHS 300 - Intro to Basic Concepts

systems involved in speech and swallowing

• nervous system

• respiratory system

• phonation/laryngeal system

• resonance/velopharyngeal-nasal system

• articulation/pharyngeal-oral system

• hearing system

basic anatomical position (describe)

POV: body of observation; NOT the perspective of the observer

requirements:

• standing erect and at rest

• feet are hip-distance apart

• arms are rotated outwards (palms face FORWARD); thumbs are pointed AWAY from the body

• arms are slightly out from the body (hands do NOT touch the sides)

importance: establishes a universal standard which ensures that communication among professionals is clear and consistent

superior/rostral

towards the head

inferior/caudal

towards the feet

proximal

closer to the trunk of the body

distal

farther from the trunk of the body

medial

towards the midline

lateral/peripheral

away from the midline

anterior/ventral

towards the front (of the body)

posterior/dorsal

towards the back (of the body)

transverse/horizontal/axial plane

• horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts

• can occur at any level throughout the body

frontal/coronal plane

• vertical plane parallel to the forehead (“ear to ear cut”)

• divides the body into a front and back

• all planes parallel to it are also called frontal/coronal

sagittal/median plane

• vertical plane/cut that divides the body into right and left halves

• two types:

  • midsagittal - cut down the center

  • parasagittal - not down the center

hierarchical organization of the human body (smallest to biggest)

• cell - smallest contained living unit (made up of chemicals)

• tissues - a group of cells that perform a particular function

• organs - two or more tissues that perform a particular function

• system - two or more organs that perform a particular function

• organism - composed of organ systems

epithelial tissue (definition)

definition: superficial layer of cells; closely approximated

• covers external surface of body (ex: skin)

• lines internal body cavities (ex: endothelial - blood vessels; mesothelial - internal organs)

• often contains cilia (but not all)

4 main functions: protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation

main characteristics of epithelial tissue (i.e., how we classify it)

• shape: squamous, columnar, cuboidal, ciliated

• arrangement: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

• function

connective tissue (definition)

definition: tissues that connect or bind structures together and support the body

proper connective tissue (3 types)

ligaments: connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage (elastic)

tendons: attach muscle to bone (non-elastic)

aponeurosis: large, broad tendinous sheets

supportive connective tissue (2 types)

cartilage: stronger than some proper connective tissue, but it is flexible and capable of growth (includes hyaline, elastic, and fibrous)

bone: rigid and very strong; the hardest type of connective tissue

muscle tissue (definition)

definition: specialized tissue that can contract, which produces movement and force

smooth muscle tissue (definition and examples)

• nonstriated

• involuntary contraction

• innervated by the autonomic nervous system

• examples:

  • muscles of GI tract

  • blood vessels

  • urinary bladder

cardiac muscle tissue (definition and examples)

• striated

• involuntary constriction

• located only in the heart

• designed for endurance

• innervated by the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscle tissue (definition and examples)

• voluntary constriction

• striated

• paired - one right and one left

• predominant type of muscle in speech/swallowing

• innervated by the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system

• two points of attachment: origin and insertion

  • structures are linked through muscle fibers (name is a combination of origin and insertion)

cell structure

see image

main function of the cell membrane

• separates the cell’s internal environment from the external surroundings

• regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell

main function of the nucleus

• houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA)

• regulates gene expression and protein synthesis (produces ribosomes)

main function of the cytoplasm

• contains the cell’s organelles

• site of multiple metabolic processes and chemical reactions

• helps maintain cell shape and structure

main function of the ribosome

• synthesize proteins

main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

• located closest to the nucleus; ribosomes are attached to its surface

• helps synthesize, fold, and initially modify proteins

• transports proteins throughout the cell

main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• synthesizes lipids (fats) and steroid hormones

• stores and releases Ca2+ ions

• metabolizes carbohydrates

main function of the Golgi body

• stores and packs proteins until they are ready to be released (received from the ER)

main function of the mitochondria

• produces the energy we need at the cellular level (ATP)

• responsible for cellular respiration

main function of the lysosome

• breaks down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign invaders

nervous tissue

definition: receives and processes stimuli; transmits signals to effector organs

located in the brain and spinal cord

function of ciliated epithelial cells

definition of cilia: hair-like structures located in epithelial tissue; the main function is protection

capable of movement so they can remove contaminants

lines the nasal cavity, larynx, and trachea