The review

Know the 2 parts of the integumentary system.

CutaneousAccessory

Cutaneous Membrane:

The Skin (of the system)

Accessory Structures:

Hair, Glands, and Nails

What are the three layers of the Cutaneous Membrane:

Epidermis DermisSubcutaneous Layer

Which cutaneous membrane is made up of epethilial tissue?

The Epidermis

Which cutaneous membrane functions as a barrier?

The epidermis!

Which cutaneous is constantly replaced?

The Epidermis !.

Which cutaneous membrane is made up of connective tissue ?

The Dermis (is stable but rarely, replaced)

Which cutaneous membrane imparts flexibility and strength?

The Dermis !

Which cutaneous membrane is the transition zone between skin and muscle?

The subcutaneous layer

Which Cutaneous membrane consists of areolar and adipose tissue?

The subcutaneous layer!

True or false: The integumentary system contains all 4 tissue types?

True ( it does contain all 4 )

The epidermis is the _____ tissue of the skin.

(the) epithelial

The most common cell in the cell wall is the

(the) Keratinocytes (90% and produce keratin)

How does keratin contribute to the unique properties of the cutaneous membrane?

Keratin is a protein that make skin tough and waterproofIt also provides skin with protection from ABRASIONS, HEAT, BACTERIA, AND CHEMICALS

Which cell types are found in the epidermis:

1.Keratinocytes 2.Melanocytes3.Tactile cells (Merkel cells)4.Dendritic cells (Langerhan’s cells)

Which cell is the most common in the epidermis:

The keratinocytes

Which cell is involved with the immune system in the epidermis?

The Dendritic cells (Langerhan’s Cells)If some foreign invader gets into the skin, it’s a Dendritic cell that’s going to get rid of it.

Which cell found in the epidermis produces pigment?

1.Melanocytes§Pigment cells located deep in the epidermis§Produce melanin, a pigment

Which produces keratin?

Keratinocytes (produce a waterproof protein=tough skin)

Which cell in the epidermis is involved with sensation?

The Tactile cells ( aka Merkel cells

Tactile cells have a role …….

They have a role in in detecting sensation.  They are sensitive to touchWhen compressed, Tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate nerves and provide information about objects touching the skin.

What are the 5 epidermal layers?

1.Stratum Basale2.Stratum Spinosum3.Stratum Granulosum4.Stratum Lucidum5.Stratum Corneum

The epidermis is the …. of the skin?

outer layer of the skin.But the epidermis itself ALSO has several layers.It’s a STRATIFIED epithelial tissue

Stratum means …..?

Means layer ( and these layers are made up of mostly keratinocytes!)

Stratum basale:

is where cells continually produce new keratinocytes! (basale=base: and layers is full of cells that constantly divide to replace lost cells)DEEPEST LAYER

Stratum spinosum:

Layer where cells become connected(All of the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum get tied together.)This gives your epidermis a LOT of strength!This is why you loose your skin in SHEETS, rather than one cell at a time.

Stratum granulosum:

Layer where cells due as they produce Keratin (more superficial)This is the last layer of epidermis in which all the cells are still alive.Produce keratin → PREVENTS DIFFUSION OF NUTRIENTS→ CAUSING CELL IN SUPERFICIAL LAYERS TO DIE AND MAKE A GRAT BARRIER

Stratum lucidum:

Only present in thick skinglassy appearance and we see it right before the stratum corneum.It provides more mechanical support in areas of extensive wear and tear, like your heels or fingertips, but otherwise is relatively inactive.

Stratum corneum:

Cells are dead and full of keratinProtects deeper layers ( GOOD BARRIER TO OUTSIDE WORLDthe most superficial layer of skin. (FULLY DEAD)They’re dead, so they no longer have organelles and a nucleus, but still contain large amounts of keratin.

The dermis is the ______ tissue of the skin?

(the) Connective tissue

The function of the dermis is to provide ____ and _____.

Provide:1.Flexibility2.Strength

In what layer of the skin does skin cancer occur?

§All skin cancer occurs in the epidermis§Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle, and this is where the cells of the skin exist!

Any Cancer of the Epithelial tissue:

Is known as a carcinoma

Any cancer of the Connective tissue:

Is known as a sarcoma

Any cancer that affects a cell is an

Is known as an “-oma”

What are the three types of Cancer?

Basal Cell CarcinomaSquamous Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma:

Affects keratinocytes in the stratum basalBasal cell carcinomas occur when cell cycle genes mutate in KERATINOCYTES that are in the stratum basale.These cancers aren’t usually life-threatening= hard to get rid of→ affect the cells that → replacing other cells!

Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

Affects keratinocytes in more superficial epidermal layersin the skin, as far as cancer goes, are typically quite mild.They occur when cell cycle genes mutate in KERATINOCYTES that are in more superficial layers of the epidermis, like the stratum spinosum or granulosum.These are easier to treat because they are so superficial.

Malignant Melanoma:

§Affects melanocytes – usually begins from a mole§Can metastasizeMalignant melanomas occur when cell cycle genes mutate in MELANOCYTES.

What are the 2 dermal Layers:

1.Papillary Dermisaka-Superficial Dermis2.Reticular Dermisaka-Deep Dermis

Papillary layer:

Function:To connect to the epidermis-Areolar connective tissue (loose)-Consists of: Dermal Papillae→ structures that project INTO the epidermis and help hold it in place.

Reticular Layer:

Dense irregular connective tissueContains:Hair folliclesSensory receptors and nerve fibersGlandsBlood vesselsFunctions:SupportTouch sensationControl glandular secretionControl blood flow

True or false: It gets it’s name because of dermal papiellae

True ( the dermis does it get it’s name)

Function of blood vessels within the Dermis:

1.Supply nutrients to avascular epidermis2.Important in controlling body temperature

What is vasoconstriction?

§ Narrowing blood vessel diameter; used to shunt blood away from peripheryIt occurs in the dermis when we’re COLD, and we want to shunt blood towards the warm interior of our body.

What is vasodilation?

§Widening blood vessel diameter; used to move blood toward periphery for releasing heat.it occurs in the dermis when we’re HOT.Our vessels DILATE, which allows heat to escape the vessels, travel through the skin, and out into the environment, which cools us off.

How do blood vessels in the skin control temperature?

They are key players in controlling body temperature (by adjusting blood flow to the skin's surface.)

Why are blood vessels in the dermis important to the epidermis?

Blood from blood vessels within CONNECTIVE TISSUE supply epithelial cells with everything they need – which is why you’ll usually see epithelial and connective tissue really close to one another.aka- they provide critical support to the epidermis by supplying nutrients, oxygen, and immune responses, which are vital for the health and function of the skin.

The ______ dermis contains most of the accessory structures of the integument?

(the) papillary

The _____ dermis is dense and irregular connetive tissue?

Reticular

The 5 Functions of the skin:

1.Body temperature regulation2.Protection3.Sensation4.Excretion and absorption5.Synthesis of Vitamin D

Describe the skin’s role in calcium absorption:

Calcitorol is a hormone and the activated form of vitamin d that leads to calcium absorption.

Activation of Vitamin D is?

When exposed to sunlight, cells in your epidermis will produce something called CHOLECALIFEROL.This is the INACTIVE form of Vitamin D.To become active, the KIDNEYS will later convert this cholecalciferol made in the skin to CALCITRIOL.Calcitriol is the ACTIVE form of Vitamin D

First degree burn:

Only the epidermis is affectedex.Sunburn

Second-degree burn:

Entire epidermis and part of the dermis is damaged.causes blistering, pain, and swellingPartial thickness

Third-degree burn (aka full-thickness burns)

§Epidermis and dermis are BOTH destroyed§Damage may extend into the hypodermis§Repair cannot occur(Because the skin is completely destroyed, it has no way of repairing itself.Third degree burns often require skin grafts for any healing to take place.)

The 3 types of hair:

1.Lanugo2.Vellus3.Terminal

Hair is:

(Is) Dead, keratinized cells that grow from a follicle

What is the function of Hair? 4 main functions

1.Protection from UV light2.Guards entrance to nose, ears, and eyes3.Movement of the hair sends impulses via nerves to the brain4.Contraction of the arrector pili muscles

Lanugo:

Unpigmented, fine hairGrows on fetus from the 2nd trimester, but is shed by birth

Vellus:

§Unpigmented, fine hair§Grows from birth through adulthood§Found all throughout the body

Terminal:

§Coarse, long, and pigmented hair§Found on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes§Develops in pubic and axillary regions after puberty

The hair follicle:

is the structure from which hair grows!

The hair papilla:

IS the connective tissue that contains capillaries and nerves

The hair matrix:

Is the epithelial tissue that produces hair cells.

What are the four phases of hair growth?

1.Active phase2.Regression phase3.Resting phase4.Reactivation phase

____ glands produce an oily product

Sebaceous

The sebaceous glands are associated with which follicles:

The Hair follicles

____ glands produce a watery product

Sweat

What are the 3 types of glands?

1.Sebaceous glands2.Sweat glands3.Ceruminous glands

What are the 3 subtypes of glands:

1.Appocrine2.Eccrine3.Mammary

The Apocrine is located:

§Activate at puberty, in armpits and groinSecretes pheromones

The Eccrine is located:

Traditional sweat glands throughout the body

The Mammary is located:

Modified sweat glands for lactation (actually sweat glands)

Acne results from which type of clogged gland?

Acne is the term to describe plugged SEBACEOUS glandsAcne typically starts at puberty because increasing hormones stimulate glandular secretions.This makes sebaceous glands more prone to blockage.more oily= more solid and easily stuck

Know the 3 abnormal vertebral curvatures.

scoliosiskyphosis lordosis

Scoliosis:

is known as Abnormal lateral vertebral curvature

Kyphosis:

Is known as abnormal posterior(back) vertebral curvature

Lordosis:

Is known as the abnormal anterior (front) vertebral curvature

What are the 4 shapes of bones?

1.Long Bones2.short bones3.flat bones4.irregular bones

Long Bones are:

•Longer than they are wide•Typically involved with appendicular movement•Ex) Bones in the thigh, leg, arm, forearm, and digits

Short Bones are:

•Equal in length and width, cube-shaped•Ex) Bones in the wrist and ankle

Flat Bones are:

•Thin and relatively broad•Sites of axial muscle attachment, protect organs•Ex) Bones in the skull, breastbone, shoulder blades, and ribs

Irregular Bones are:

•Complex shapes that don’t fit another category•Ex) Bones in the spine, hips, and face

The Skeletal system consists of: (5 main things)

Bone → skeletoncartilage→ joints and growth platesdense regular→ tendons and ligamentsStem cells→ red bone marrowAdipose→ yellow bone marrow

Calcium + collagen= ?

They = strong and flexible

Compact bone generates strength from ___ to ___?

End- to -end

Spongy bone generates strength from __ to __?

side- to -side

Tendons attach ?

They attach muscle to bone

Ligaments attach?

They attach bone to bone?

___ bone marrow become yellow marrow as we age?

RED

Diaphysis is:

Is the shaft of the long bone

Epiphyses is:

Is the end of a long bone

TRUE OR FALSE : BONE GROWTH OCCURS AT THE DIAPHYSIS

FALSE

The epiphyseal ___ is found in growing children (fill in blank)

(Plate)

The epiphyseal ___ is found in adults

( Line)

True or False: Cartilage appears black on x-rays?

TRUE !!

What are the 7 macroscopic structure of long bones:

1.Diaphysis2.Epiphyses3.Metaphyses4.Articular cartilage5.Periosteum6.Medullary cavity7.Endosteum

1.Diaphysis:

Shaft of the long bonesThis is the longest part of the long bone.