Adolescence

Breast Growth in girls begins between

Breast Growth in girls begins between

7-13 years

growth spurt in girls begins

8-14 years

Pubic hair in girls appears

7-14

Peak strength spurt in girls occurs

9.5-14

Peak height spurt in girls is

10-13.5

Peak weight spurt in girls is

10-14

Menarche occurs between

10-16

Adult stature in girls is achieved by

10-16

Pubic hair growth in Girls is completed

14-15

Breast growth completed

10-18

Rapid skeletal growth in Girls is between

17-19

Growth Spurt in Boys begins

10.5-16 years

testes and scrotum grow larger between

9.5-13.5

pubic hair for boys appears between

10-15

penis growth begins between

11-14.5

Spermarche occurs

12-16

Peak height spurt in boys occurs between

12.5-15.5

peak weight spurt in boys occurs

12.5-15.5

voice lowers between ages

11.5-15.5

facial and underarm hair in boys begins

12.5-15.5

penis and testes growth completed

12.5-16

peak strength spurt in boys

13-17

adult stature in boys achieved by

13.5-18

pubic hair growth complete

13-18

Rapic skeletal growth complete in boys by

20

What affects the onset, age, and pace of puberty?

Every person's individual timetable for puberty is different and is primarily influenced by heredity; however, environmental factors—such as diet and exercise—also exert some influence

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis

the collective effects of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads behaving in cooperation in regulating the hormones that drive puberty

Physical Activity and weight

-14% of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years are overweight

-physical activity tends to decline as adolescents get older

-teens do not have nutritionally sound diets

-participation in sports has important health benefits, however socioeconomic factors may prevent the participation in sports

Disordered Eating

-puberty is associated with weight gain

-american culture glorifies "thin"

-.5 to 1% of females aged 12 to 18 are anorexic

-1% to 3% are bulimic

-20% engage in unhealthy eating behaviors

-eating disorders are becoming increasingly high in males

What may cause eating disorders?

-lack of self esteem

-poor coping skills

-perfectionism

-certain sports eg: gymnastics, dance, track

cardiopulmonary systems

-lungs increase in size and capacity tripling in weight

-heart rate stabilizes at 16

-heart rate decreases (62-63 for females and 57-60 for males) and the total blood volume increases

-noted increased blood pressure with increased body weight

-male systolic higher than girls

Nervous system

-growth of nervous system

-another noted critical period of the brain at age 18

-speech and language areas mature to adult levels between 12-16 years old

middle childhood notes increased ________________ which contributes to refinement in motor skills (gross and fine)

myelination process and nerve conduction velocity

Adolescent motor skills typically improve due to practice ___________and ___________

instruction motivation and innate ability

sensory system

sensory changes cease in adolescence

somatic sensory change

proprioceptive and tactile sensation refine body scheme and affective view of the body

motion sense development

vestibular maturation complete between 10 and 14 years

motor development

-the process of changing motor skills, both positive and negative, across a lifespan
-occurring as a result of genetics, growth, and environment

-peaks during late adolescence

factors affecting motor development ages 13-18

-genetics ex: onset of puberty at 8-14 years

-males vs females

-age of onset
-physical growth: growth spirts, areas of growth, weight gain, muscle increase, head growth

-learning (environmental adaptation): school culture, and home are all strong factors with a developing adolescent (physically and emotionally, peer communication, cultural differences, familial differences)

Body Image

both boys and girls are known to spend hours concerned about their appearance, particularly in order to "fit in" with norms of the group with whom they most identify. At the same time, they wish to have their own unique style, and they may spend hours in the bathroom or in front of the mirror trying to achieve this goal

Cognitive development

-cognitive competence includes such things as the ability to reason effectively, problem solve, think abstractly and reflect, and plan for the future

-girls are "better at" reading

-boys "better at" math

Adolescents may still make poor decisions that lead them to engage in high-risk behaviors, such as ______________ or _____________

alcohol or violence

brain is______________, lots of risky behavior is present

not yet fully developed

moral development

-adolescents cognitive development in part lays the groundwork for moral reasoning, honesty and pro-social behaviors such as helping, volunteerism, or caring for others

learning disabilities

-adolescents with learning disabilities may have problems with reading, writing, spoken anguage, memorizing, arithmetic or reasoning... hormonal changes and increase demands of school can exacerbate learning disabilities that they were once able to manage or mask when they were younger

learning disabilities often have a hard time __________ and ___________

processing and verbal skills

People with learning disabilities are ______ times more likely to experience emotional distress

2-3 times

People with learning disabilities are more likely to have ______ and be________

attempted suicide and be involved in some violence

Emotional development

-adolescence is the first time when individuals have the cognitive capacity to consciously short through who they are and what makes them unique

_______________ is an important part of adolescence

inferiority

Self Concept:

set believes about one's attributes, roles and goals and interests, values and beliefs

self esteem

evaluating how one feels about one's self-concept

emotional intelligence

emotional intelligence involves self-awareness, but above all, relationship skills - the ability to get along well with other people and make friends

developmental skill

-work towards emotional intelligence

-recognizing and managing emotions

-developing empathy

-learning to resolve conflict constructively

-developing a cooperative spirit

Peer relationships

-provide a temporary reference point for a developing sense of identity

-through identification with peers, adolescents begin to develop moral judgment and values and to define how they differ from their parents

-teens also strive for ways to identify with their parents

-peers provide a source of information about the outside world

-peers are powerful reinforcers as they are the source of popularity, status, prestige, and accceprance

Dating and sexual behavior

-dating begins between the ages of 14 and 16 years

-tend to be of short duration

-dating usually occurring in groups

-the time invested in a relationship is directly proportional to the time in which sexual involvement will occur

____ of white and hispanic and___ of black students have had intercourse by 12th grade

50%; 65%

family relationships

families take many forms, single parent, shared custody, adoptive, blended, foster, traditional dual parent, just to name a few. A strong sense of bonding, closeness and attachment to family have found to be associated with better emotional development better school performance and engagement in fewer high-risk activities, such as drug use

school

-school is a prominent part of everyday life of an adolescent

-strong sense of attachment, bonding and belonging and a feeling of being cared about characterize positive relationships with teachers and their schools

-studies suggest that adolescent perception of teacher fairness - more than the size of type of school or teacher-pupil ratio - have found to be strongly associated with whether students are successful or involved in drugs or delinquency

work

-work during high school can serve to teach adolescents important lessons about the business world

Studies, suggest, however, that students who work more than _______ during the school year are at higher risk for a variety of negative outcomes such as: work-related injuries, lower educational attainment, substance abuse, insufficient sleep

20 hours per week

community

community includes such factors as the socio-economic characteristics of one's neighborhood, the types of resources available, the service systems within the community (including schools), religious organizations, the media and the people who live in the community

behavior development

exploratory behaviors are natural in adolescence and teens need room to experiment and to experience the results of their own decision making in many different situations. However, young people sometimes overestimate their capacities to handle new situations, and these behaviors can pose real threats to their health. To win the approval of peers or to avoid peer rejection, adolescents sometimes take risks

____ of high school students have tried smoking

70%

___ of high school students have tried alcohol

81%

___have tried marijuana

47%

___ of students have carried a weapon to school-50% of all high school students have had sexual intercourse

17%

____ of students report they have been pregnant or responsible for getting someone pregnant

6%

Reasons for Risk Taking

-need for excitement, fun, and novel, intense sensations that override the potential dangers involved in a particular activity

-many of these risk behaviors occur in a group context and involve peer acceptance and status in the group

-adolescent risk-taking is a form of modeling and romanticizing adult behavior

Factors associated with positive resilience and positive outcomes for asolescents

-stable positive relationships with at least one caring adult

-religious and spiritual anchors

-high, realistic academic expectations and adequate support
-positive family environment

-emotional intelligence and ability to cope with stress