Global History II - Unit 2 Vocabulary

nationalism

an imagined community in which you believe you share something essential with other members of the community

French Revolution-1789

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France that began in 1789, leading to the end of the monarchy, the rise of republican ideals, and significant societal changes. It was marked by events like the Storming of the Bastille and the Reign of Terror.

estates general

the parliament of France that consisted of 3 groups with each group assigned a single vote

Louis XVI

the French king that raised tax due to the debts that he owed the English which resulted in a revolution from the parliament

Bastille

a castle in Paris where arms and prisoners were traditionally held; stormed by common folk of Paris when they were suffering bread shortages

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

issued by the French Assembly which ended serfdom and made all French men equal under the law—any man could hold office, had freedom of religion and due process of law, and taxes were shared fairly

Reign of Terror

the execution of anyone standing in the way of the French revolution—king, queen, nobles, religious leaders

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas on individual freedom, equality, and the social contract influenced the French Revolution. His work "The Social Contract" argued that legitimate government comes from the consent of the governed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader and emperor who rose to power during the French Revolution and led numerous military campaigns across Europe. He established the Napoleonic Code, reformed the French government, and expanded the French Empire before his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Waterloo

where Napoleon is defeated then exiled

Toussaint L’Ouverture

leader of Haitian revolution to gain independence from France

romanticism

cultural movement that was artistic, literary, and intellectual

Otto von Bismarck

creates Germany after banding German-speaking people together to fight against Prussia after creating a fake insult to create an army of them

ethnic cleansing

when groups are sent to concentration camps to fit into an identity, often resulting in torture and/or death

genocide

destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

stateless nations

micronationalist movements; Ethnic or cultural groups that share a common identity but do not have their own independent state. Examples include the Kurds, Palestinians, and Basques, who seek political autonomy or recognition.

micronationalism

people who want a country of their own; their country doesn’t match their ideals

WWI: 1914-1918

A global conflict primarily fought in Europe between the Allied Powers (including Britain, France, and Russia) and the Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, it led to massive casualties, trench warfare, and the Treaty of Versailles, which reshaped global politics.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888-1918), known for his aggressive foreign policy and militarization, which contributed to the outbreak of World War I. He was forced to abdicate in 1918 after Germany’s defeat and lived in exile in the Netherlands.

Triple-Entente/Allies

England, France, and Russia

Central Powers

Germany, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Located to Germany’s south, a multiethnic empire in Central Europe ruled by the Habsburgs, formed from the union of Austria and Hungary. It was a major power until its collapse after World War I, leading to the creation of several new nations, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Ottoman Empire

A powerful Islamic empire that spanned Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, with its capital in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). It declined in the 19th and early 20th centuries and was dissolved after World War I, leading to the creation of modern Turkey and several Middle Eastern nations.

Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated by Bosnian terrorist, Gavrilo Principe

Schlieffen Plan

the German’s attacked France first rather than the Russians (since they were farther away) to take out their more industrial opponent that would supply for the Russians

no-man’s land

dangerous land located between enemy trenches that had barbed wire, bodies, and crators from artillery explosions

Lusitania

the boat used to utilize submarine warfare against the US. It sinks and Americans die so America gets involved in WWI

Woodrow Wilson/14 points

A peace proposal by U.S. President ______ _______ outlining principles for ending World War I and preventing future conflicts. It emphasized self-determination, free trade, disarmament, and the creation of the League of Nations, though many of its ideas were not fully implemented in the Treaty of Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions on Germany. It also established the League of Nations but is often blamed for contributing to the rise of World War II due to its harsh treatment of Germany.

League of Nations

An international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and prevent future conflicts. It lacked enforcement power and the U.S. never joined, leading to its failure in stopping World War II; it was later replaced by the United Nations in 1945.

Great Depression

A severe global economic crisis triggered by the U.S. stock market crash in 1929, leading to widespread unemployment, bank failures, and poverty. It affected economies worldwide and contributed to political instability, including the rise of totalitarian regimes.

1929 Black Tuesday

the day that a giant stock market crash causes the Great Depression

designed obsolescence

making things that are destined to break to keep the economy running

tariff

a tax that foreign companies are charged when they ship their goods to your country

Adolf Hitler

The dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, responsible for initiating World War II and orchestrating the Holocaust, which led to the deaths of six million Jews and millions of others. His totalitarian regime promoted aggressive nationalism, racial purity, and anti-Semitism.

Benito Mussolini

dictator of Italy who invents fascism, total government control, and heavily influences Hitler

fascism

total government control

cult of personality

when people are overly devoted to a leader

Franklin Roosevelt

implements economic philosophy of John Maynard Keynes during his presidency

John Maynard Keynes

believes that depression results in lack of consumption/demand—believed that government needed to involve themselves in the economy and give people the money to consume

supply-side economics

argues that if you give rich people more money, the invisible hand will move them to look for additional profits by producing more goods

WWII: 1939-1945

A global conflict involving most of the world's nations, including the Allies (such as the U.S., Soviet Union, and Britain) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). It was marked by widespread battles, the Holocaust, and the use of atomic bombs, ultimately leading to the defeat of the Axis and the formation of the United Nations

holocaust

The systematic, state-sponsored genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany, during which six million Jews, along with millions of others including Roma, disabled individuals, political dissidents, and LGBTQ+ people, were murdered. It occurred during World War II and remains one of the most horrific atrocities in human history.

Pearl Harbor

attack by Japan designed to wipe out the US

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

revenge by US for Pearl Harbor

United Nations

aims to maintain international peace and security among countries involved

Marshall Plan

the deal that struck cooperation among Western Europe to prevent war and that we would provide money for it

European Union

Europe cooperates in policies and acts as one nation

Euro

joint currency among Europe

macronationalism

A form of nationalism that focuses on promoting the interests and unity of a nation-state as a whole, often emphasizing national identity, culture, and sovereignty over regional or minority groups. It typically seeks to strengthen the state's political and social cohesion.

Angela Merkel

the leader of Germany and the most influential leader in Europe from 2005-2021, allowed 600,000 immigrants to enter her country

World Bank/International Monetary Fund

created by the US after WWII to assist with economies internationally; they give out loans to struggling nations, to help them modernize and develop their economies along western, capitalist lines

Zheng He

explored the land outside of China to determine if there was anything worth China’s attention

Confucianism

A philosophy that consisted of people who acted ethnically and that could be taught if they behave badly

examination system

The Chinese bureaucratic system required scholars to take an exam, the difficulty being based on how influential they wanted to be

Opium War

Two conflicts between China and Britain, primarily over the British trade of opium in China. The wars resulted in China's defeat and the signing of unequal treaties, which led to territorial concessions, including Hong Kong, and the opening of Chinese ports to foreign trade.

century of humiliation

A period in Chinese history marked by foreign invasions, unequal treaties, and internal strife, beginning with the Opium Wars and ending with the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It includes events like the loss of Hong Kong to Britain, the Boxer Rebellion, and Japan's occupation of China, fostering deep national resentment.

spheres of influence

allowed for no competition between the other imperial nations

Taiping Rebellion

civil war fought against the Qing Dynasty

Boxer Rebellion

A violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China led by the "Boxers," a group of Chinese nationalists. It aimed to expel foreign influence from China but was crushed by an eight-nation alliance, leading to further foreign concessions and the weakening of the Qing Dynasty.

1911

last emperor of the last dynasty is overthrown by military leaders

Sun Yat-sen

called for China to utilize western ideas (nationalism, democracy, socialism)

Guomindang

The Nationalist Party of China, founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. It played a major role in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and was later led by Chiang Kai-shek.

Chiang Kai-shek

sent to learn by Sun Yet-sen to a Russian military academy, brought these ideas back—became leader of political party Guomindang

warlords

people who rose up around China after Goumindang “took over”, carving out their own territories and building their own armies

footbinding

a cruel tradition in which young girls from middle and upper class families had their feet so tightly wrapped with bandages that as the foot grew, there was no direction to go but down and underneath the foot

The Long March

A strategic retreat by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong to evade the advancing Nationalist forces. Over the course of about a year, the CCP traveled over 6,000 miles across China, which helped solidify Mao's leadership and became a symbol of Communist perseverance and determination.

Taiwan

Where Chiang fled with his supporters to escape Mao

Great Leap Forward

Mao’s economic plan to shut down the large factories and expect people to industrialize in their backyards

Hundred Flowers Campaign

encouraged criticism from Chinese citizens but instead weeded out those who spoke against Mao

Cultural Revolution

A political movement in China launched by Mao Zedong to reinforce communist ideology and remove perceived capitalist and traditional elements. It led to widespread persecution, purges of intellectuals, destruction of cultural heritage, and social chaos, deeply affecting Chinese society.

Red Guard

Utilized during the Cultural Revolution to get rid of anything historic that was not Mao—enforced by Mao. This included those not influenced by Mao, who were killed.

Deng Xiaoping

Became premier after his criticism of Mao as he used to be his trusted advisor. He shifts the economy to market socialism where the state controls business but competition still happens

market socialism

An economic system that blends socialist principles, such as public or collective ownership, with market mechanisms like competition and supply and demand. It allows for some degree of private enterprise while maintaining government control over key industries to ensure social welfare.

Tiananmen Square

when students and workers marched for the government to utilize democracy and liberalization. The government responds by killing about 10,000 of them

Tank Man

the man who stood in front of the tanks as an act of protest

Uighur

Turkish muslims

Tibet

where Mao sends Han Chinese people to Tibet to ethnically cleanse the indigenous

Dali Lama

barely escaped Tibet with his life in 1951 and is now a refugee of this imperialist, religious purge

social credit system

like a credit score, but socially; social pressure is weaponized by their government

Xi Jinping

the current president of China who utilizes teachings of Confucius in his presidency, ranking people based off of their education performance

acid rain

caused by coal smoke from China and falls on the western US and Canada

Belt and Road Initiative

a deal between surrounding countries of China; China offers loans to them to expand their infrastructure. It gets China raw materials and the other countries get goods from China for their markets

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

the federal support by China provided to nations and private businesses to support projects

South China Sea

the area that surrounding nations of the Western Pacific are being forced to surrender to China—people are driven out of it with Chinese warships

One-child policy

created to slow population growth so their food supply did not run out

Encomienda system

A Spanish colonial labor system where indigenous people were forced to work for Spanish settlers in exchange for supposed protection and Christianization, often leading to exploitation and abuse.

Hacienda system

A Spanish colonial landownership system where large estates were owned by elites and worked by laborers, often in conditions similar to serfdom, reinforcing social and economic inequality.

Creoles

military dictators who repressed liberal movements to empower the poor

Mestizo

A person of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Indigenous ancestry in Latin America, forming a significant part of the population and often facing social hierarchies based on racial heritage.

Simon Bolivar

A South American revolutionary leader who played a key role in liberating several countries from Spanish rule, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, earning him the title "El Libertador."

Caudillo

strongman/ruler, landowner with private army

land reform

The redistribution of land from elites to peasants or the government to reduce inequality, increase productivity, and promote social justice, often occurring in agrarian societies; utilized in Latin America to improve the nation’s economy

Mexico

3rd largest nationality in the US and second to Brazil in population and GDP

Conquistadores

early 1500s Spanish soldiers of fortune that conquered Mexico

Fr. Miguel Hidalgo

A Catholic priest that lead the first major Latin American revolution, but died in the end

Benito Juarez

the only indigenous president in Mexican history who led a successful liberal revolution against a caudillo in the 1850s

Mexican Revolution of 1911

A social and political upheaval that began as a rebellion against dictator Porfirio Díaz, leading to significant reforms, including land redistribution and the establishment of a more democratic government

Francisco Madero

a liberal reformer that inspired the local revolutionaries to think bigger and drawing their allegiance, chased out the president/dictator, Porfirio Diaz

PRI (Party of Institutional Revolution)

Mexican political party that was corrupt in the sense that they would beat/kill anyone who attempted to create another political party