Musculoskeletal System- HA Exam 3

Shaft or diaphysis

provides bone length

Epiphyses

ends of long bones

Epiphyseal plate

adds length in growth, also known as growth plate

Periosteum

covers bone and dense membrane

Joints and articulations

places of union between two or more bones

Synovial joint

bones enclosed in a joint cavity, ex. Knee, elbow, shoulder, ankle, wrist, TMJ

Fibrous joint

between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, teeth and alveolar bone, and sutures

Cartilaginous joints

vertebrae and first pair of ribs and sternum

Tendons

cords of fibrous tissue that stretch, connects muscle to bone

Ligaments

ropelike bundles of collagen that bind articulating bones together, and are pliable (allowing movement of joint but no stretch)

Bursa

enclosed dis-shaped sac filled with synovial fluid, helps muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone

Common bursa sites

places where friction occurs like shoulder, hip, knee, elbow

Cardiac muscle

involuntary striated muscle, main tissue of the wall of the heart

Skeletal muscle

voluntary muscles under conscious control. composed of bundles of muscle fobers and attached to bone by tendon

Smooth muscle

involuntary control in the walls of hollow visceral organs (liver, pancreas, and intestines)

Normal joint assessment

no swelling, color, or masses over joints. Normal temperature to palpation, no tenderness.

Crepitus

audible or palatable crunching during movement of tendons or ligaments over bone

Effusion

excess synovial fluid in joint space

Mylagia

aches and pains in the muscle

Arthralgia

pain in joint without evidence of arthritis

If joint trauma is present, ask about an _____ before attempting movement

X-ray

Atrophy

loss of muscle bulk or wasting

Hypertrophy

increase in bulk with proportionate strength

Pseudohypertrophy

increase in bulk, not strength

Paresis

weakness

Plegia

paralysis

Hemiparesis

paralysis of one half of the body

Paraplegia

paralysis of legs

Quadraplegia

paralysis of all limbs

Scale for grading muscle strength

- 0. no muscular contraction detected

- 1. a barley detectable flicker of trace of contraction

- 2. active movement of the body part with gravity eliminated

- 3. Active movement against gravity

- 4. Active movement against gravity and some resistance

- 5. Active movement against full resistance without evident fatigue (normal muscle strength)

Limitation in ROM is most sensitive sign of what?

joint disease

What is the function of the TMJ joint?

jaw function of speaking and chewing

What 3 motions does the TMJ permit?

hinge action to open and close jaw, gliding action for protrusion and retraction, and gliding for side to side movement of lower jaw

The lateral column has ___ curves, a double ___ shape

four; S

Cervical and lumbar curves are _____ (concave or convex)

concave

Thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are _____ (concave or convex)

convex

Spinous process of ___ and ____ are prominent at the base of the neck

C7 and T1

Inferior angle of scapula normally at level of interspace between ____ and ____

T7 and T1

Where does pain from the scritia radiate?

at the buttocks down the leg and cn travel as far as feet and toes

Kyphosis

enhanced thoracic curve, common in older people

Lordosis

pronounced lumbar curve, common in obesity

When checking ROM, patient performs lateral bending at ____ degrees and hyperextension of ____ degrees

35; 30

When checking ROM, shoulders should twist to both sides and have a rotation of ___ degrees bilaterally

30

The shoulder is an articulation between what?

humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Rotator cuff

group of four muscles and tendons that support and stabilize the shoulder

The muscle of the rotator cuff (hint- think SITS)

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Issues with the rotator cuff typically occur when?

over 40 years of age typically with injury from a fall or repeated use, seen by positive drop arm

Ankle

articulation between tibia, fibula, and talus

Hinge joint is limited to what movements?

flexion and extension

Bony prominence on either side of ankle

malleolus

Subtalar joint permits inversion and eversion of joint

Gout

arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints from uric acid crystals, can take medication for an attack or for management of arthritis

Dorsiflexion

bringing toes up

Plantar flexion

pointing toes down

Muscles involved in dorsiflexion

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorium longus, extensor hallicus longus

Muscles involved in plantar flexion

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis anterior

Muscles used in ankle inversion

tibialis posterior and anterior

Muscles used in eversion of ankle

pereonus longus and brevis

Bursitis

bursa at the base of the hell gets swollen and enlarged, also called Achillies bursitis

Where would plantar fascitis be located?

bottom of heel

Where would metatarsalgia be located?

ball of the foot

When has fetus formed skeleton of cartilage by?

3 months

Ortolanis maneuver

checks for hip congestinal dislocation, should be done every visit until infant is one

Allis or Galeazzi

also used to test hip dislocation, assess if one knee is much lower than the other

Two methods used to keep infants hips aligned

spica cast or palvick harness

Pregnancy causes increased or decreased movement in joints?

increased

Progressive lordosis

weight shifting on lower extremities when pregnant, strains lower back muscles

Bone density screenings are used to look for what?

osteoporosis

Risk factors for osteoporosis

sedentary lifestyle, excessive tobacco or alcohol use, inflammatory disorders, medications, small frame or underweight

Prevention of osteoporosis

adequate calcium intake, increased calcium intake, adequate vitamin D intake, antiresorptive agents, anabolic agents, regular exercise, limit alcohol and caffeine intake

Preventing falls

assistive devices, strengthening exercises, grab bars, rails, adequate lighting, change positions more slowly