Psychology Terms Unit 9 (copy)

Eclectic Approach

uses various forms of therapy depending on the client's problems

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques

Psychoanalysis

Freud's belief in patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences.

Resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety

Interpretation

the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant events in order to promote insight

Transference

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

Psychodynamic Therapy

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self

Insight Therapies

aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and self

Client

Centered Therapy

Active Listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Unconditional Positive Regard

a caring, accepting, none

Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Counterconditioning

uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Exposure Therapies

Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing peoples to the things they fear or avoid

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears

Aversive Conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and a later exchange for tokens for various privileges or treats

Cognitive Therapy

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking or acting.

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy.

Family Therapy

treats family as a system; views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Regression Toward the Mean

the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back toward their average

Meta

Analysis

Evidence Based Practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

Antipsychotic Drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other severe forms of thought disorder

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movement of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. Possible neurotoxic side effect of long

Antianxiety Drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

Antidepressant Drugs

drugs used to treat depression and increasingly to treat anxiety. Work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy

cut nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion

David Malan

Psychodynamic therapy with depressed patient. Showed the effectiveness of interpersonal therapy in treating depression

Carl Rogers

developed client centered therapy. Popularized the idea of humanistic psychology

Aaron Rock

Beck's therapy for depression. Influenced cognitive therapy

Sigmund Freud

analyzing dreams, free associations, and transferences of his patients. Created the Psychoanalytic perspective.

Psychopathology

mental disorder

Deviant

represents a serious departure from social and cultural norms of behavior, not normal

Maladaptive

dysfunctional behavior that interferes with a person's ability to function normally in one or more important areas of life.

Distressful

unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact a person's level of functioning

Medical Model

a way of helping people with abnormal behavior: diagnose, treat, and cure.

DSM 5

the book used for classifying psychological disorders by medical professionals

ICD 10

International Classification of Diseases. A manual put out by the World Health organizations of the United Nations to help classify disorders.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social academic or occupational functioning.

Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

intellectual, communication, autism spectrum, attention deficit, learning, motor disorders..

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavior challenges.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Characterized by a part of behavior, present in multiple settings, that result in performance issues in social, educational, and work settings

Schizophrenia

characterized by abnormal thinking, perceptions and losing touch with reality

Delusions

a bizarre or farfetched belief that continues in spite of competing contradictory evidence.

Delusions of Reference

believing that hidden messages are being sent to you via TV or newspaper or some other way.

Delusions of Grandeur

believing that you are someone very powerful or important.

Delusions of Persecution

believing that spies, aliens, the government or even your neighbors are plotting against you.

Hallucinations

a false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it. Can include hearing voices, seeing people, or smelling things that are not really there.

Positive Symptoms

characteristics of schizophrenia that are added toa person's personality, such as hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotions, and world salad.

Negative Symptoms

characteristics of schizophrenia that re taken away from a person's personality, such as flattening of emotions, and speech, apathy, a general disinterest in life and social withdrawal. People with negative will neglect themselves and their appearances.

Chronic schizophrenia

characterized by long periods of symptom development and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Acute Schizophrenia

may occur at any time during life, usually surfaces in response to stress or a major emotional event.

Genetic Basis for Schizophrenia

risk for development schizophrenia increases if there is schizophrenia in the family.

Dopamine Hypothesis

over activity of certain dopamine neurons may cause some forms of schizophrenia, especially hose that involve hallucinations or delusions.

Diathesis Stress Model

people inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases their risk of schizophrenia; stressful life experiences then trigger schizophrenia in the family.

Viral Effects

mothers who catch certain viruses such as flu, while pregnant may increase the risk of brain abnormalities in babies.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

includes changes in mood and changes in activity or energy

Bipolar 1 Disorder

one experiences repeated episodes of mania and depression

Bipolar 2 Disorder

one never develops a severe mania, but instead experiences hypomania

Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder

hypomania alternatives with episodes of mild depression over at least a one year period

Cyclothymia

A mood disorder that causes emotional highs and lows.

Depressive Disorders

includes disorders that have the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanies by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function.

Types of Depressive Disorders

major depressive, persistent depressive, disruptive mood dysregulation, premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Major Depression

characterized by a lasting and continuous depressed mood. People suffering from major depression often feel lethargic and deeply discouraged leading to having some suicidal thoughts.

Dysthymia

a type of depression in which symptoms are not as severe as major depression. It is characterized by chronic sadness, loss of interest in activities, and low energy.

Anxiety Disorders

include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavior disturbances.

Types of anxiety disorders

generalized disorder, social disorder, separation disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

characterized by persistent, uncontrollable, and ongoing apprehension about a wide range of life situations. The cause of the anxiety cannot be pinpointed.

Panic Disorder

characterized sudden episodes of extreme anxiety and panic attacks

Phobias

characterized by a strong irrational fear of specific objects or situations that are normally considered harmless.

Agoraphobia

fear of open and public spaces

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

characterized by persistent, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts and behaviors. In order to relieve anxiety provoking thoughts, one performs behaviors or rituals.

Types of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation.

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

includes disorders in which people are exposed to a traumatic or stressful event that causes certain behaviors or thoughts

Types of Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder.

PTSD

intense feeling of anxiety, horror, and helplessness after experiencing a traumatic event such as a violent crime, military combat, or natural disaster.

Dissociative Disorders

disorders of consciousness in which a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or a change of identity.

Types of Dissociative Disorders

dissociative identity disorder, depersonalized/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities in the same individual. Each personality has its own name, memories, behaviors and self image.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Characterized by a person feeling detached form his/her body.

Dissociative Amnesia

characterized by a partial or total inability to recall past experiences and important information. This is typically in response to a traumatic event or stressful situation, such as military combat or marital problems.

Dissociative Fugue

Characterized by suddenly and inexplicably leaving home and taking on a completely new identity with no memory of former life.

Somatic Symptom Disorders

characterized by physical complaints or conditions which re caused by psychological factors, there are physical causes for the pain

Types of Somatic Symptom Disorders

somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder.

Conversion Disorder

characterized by paralysis, blindness, deafness, or other loss of sensation, but with no physical cause

Illness Anxiety Disorder

an exaggerated concern about health and illness. A person suffering from hypochondriasis ( this disease) frequently meets with doctors and constantly reads about health symptoms.

Personality Disorders

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of the individual's culture.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

characterized by high levels of suspiciousness of the motives and intentions of others but without outright paranoid delusions associated with paranoid schizophrenia .

Schizoid Personality Disorder

characterized by being aloof and is distant from others, with shallow or blunted emotions, considered "cold".

Schizotypal

characterized by odd thinking, often being suspicious and hostile, and having difficulties in establishing close social relationships.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

characterized by being excessively dramatic, egocentric, and seeking attention, and tending to overreact.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by being unrealistically self-importance

Borderline Personality Disorder

characterized by being emotionally unstable, impulsive, unpredictable, irritable, and prone to boredom.