evs250 final

Pristine myth

• Misconception that the americas were untouched prior to the arrival of columbus in 1492

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• Peace treaty that ended the mexican american war in 1848

• Extended the boundary of the US to the west coast and the gadsden purchase

Gadsden Purchase

• US paid mexico 10 million dollars for ~26k for southwestern land in 1854

• Built railroad

• Around 240 million today

Real ID Act (when, how it relates to what we’ve learned)

• 2005 

• Set requirements and improve security for identification after 9/11

• Only accept certain forms of identification 

Secure Fence Act (when, how it relates to what we’ve learned)

• Authorized 700 miles of border wall to be built

• Secretary of state could take any measure necessary to ensure security of the border

• Impacted wildlife because there were no ways for animals to migrate north or south

• Made it harder for migrants to cross the border (PTD)

Prevention through deterrence

• A strategy to discourage border crossings by making it harder for migrants to cross the border 

• Funneled migrants into one path so they could be surveilled, also typically through a more dangerous route

Settler colonialism

Settlers displace existing inhabitants of a land and often force them to assimilate to their culture

Demographic collapse

• A significant and sustained decline in population, often caused by low fertility rates and an aging population

Hohokam (who they were, what they’re known for)

• Lived in southwest from around 1-1450

• Known for irrigation systems

El Dorado

• Mythical city of gold (emphasis on mythical)

Presidio

• Fortified spanish military settlement that defended and secured colonial territories 

• Helped to establish missions and settler colonialism in the southwest

Eusebio Kino

• Missionary priest that led the development of Christianity in the southwest, evangelized many communities in northern mexico and southern US

• Missions were to expand religion, innovation, and education of the communities he evangelized

Manifest Destiny

• Idea that US was destined to move west to expand the western culture and acquire land. 

• Settlers forcibly removed indigenous people from their land

• Justified atrocities by divine right

Lazaro Cardenas (who, what did he do, when) + the “Second Revolution”

• Il presidente di Messico dal 1934 al 1940. Aiutava le persone povere. Provava a finire e riforzionare i scopi del rivoluzionario di messico. Procurava territorio alle persone che avevano bisogno. 

Treaty of Velasco

• Treaty between texas and mexico signed May 14, 1836

• Public treaty: fighting would stop, prisoners would be exchanged, santa anna returned to messico

• Secret treaty: mexican cabinet would recieve a texas mission, santa anna released if mexican gov recognized texas independence, 

• Precessor to treaty of guadalupe hidalgo 

Porfirio Diaz/The Porfiriato

• 1876-1911

• General forfito diaz elected president of mexico 

• Led to a period of stability throughout the country

  • Expanded railroads, mining, and economy 

• Social inequality, political repression, concentration of welath in few

• Lead to mexican revolution

1902 Reclamation Act

• Funded irrigation projects in western states by using revenue from sale of public lands

• Lead to created of bureau of reclamation

Mexican Miracle

• 1940s to 1970s

• Significant economic book in mexico 

• Import-subsitution industrialization: replacing imports with domestic production 

• Results: political and social issues, economic crisis, neoliberal era

1919 Volstead Act

• Aka National prohibition act 

• Outlawed drinks with more than 0.5% alcohol 

• Made it harder to manufacture, obtain, transport alcohol

• Increased the growth of organized crime, underground markets for alcohol

The Gilded Age

• from around 1870 to 1900

• Rapid industrialization and economic growth as well as start inequality and political corruption

• Railroads in the west also fuel wealth creation on the east coat

Panic of 1907

• Financial crisis during 1907

• Drop in exchange, bank run 

• Creation of federal reserve system

Neoliberalism

• A political and economic philosophy that assets that human well-being can be best achieved if the so called “free” market is allowed to function with little or no intervention

Plan de San Diego

• 1915 rebellion proposal aimed at establishing independent hispanic republican in SW US

• Liberate texas, NM, AZ, CA to rejoin mexico 

• Lead to violence in south texas

Import substitution industrialization (ISI)

• Import-subsitution industrialization: replacing imports with domestic production 

NAFTA (what, when, who, effects on Mexico)

• North American Free Trade Agreement 

• 1992, went into effect 1994

• Mexico, US, canada 

• Negative impacts on agriculture, job losses, but new jobs created through low wage manufacturing jobs, increase in unsafe working conditions

Zapatistas (who, where, when, why connected to this class)

• Political movement of indigenous people from Chiapas

• Launched a rebellion in 1994 

• Decolonization of politics and protested NAFTA, which was thought to harm indigenous communities

Operation Hold the Line (where/when/what)

• 1993 border patrol strat implemented to deter border crossings by creating a continuous visible presence of agents along the US mexico border 

  • Originally called operation blockade

• Model for PTD

Operation Gatekeeper (where/when/what)

• Ended 1994

• Increased the number of BP agents along the well, built more walls and militazied it 

Operation Safeguard (where/when/what)

• 1994

• Prevent migrants from crossing, deceased the amount of areas for crossing

• Pushed migrants into unknown territories that were more dangerous made them eaier to watch 

Ejidos

• Communal land under cardenas

Maquilas/maquiladoras

• Important step for the growth of the economic sector

• Cheaper labor, benefitted trades, manufactured products

• Poor working conditions

Felipe Calderón (who, when, under what context did we learn about him)

• President of mexico from 2006-2012

• Started war to confront and detain narcotrafficekrs and cartels

• Lead campaign against cartels 

Structural adjustment policies

• Economic reform for loans in 1980s/1990s

• Increased social harm and inequality 

• Helped push MX toward neoliberalism

Protection racket (as it relates to narcotrafficking between Mexico and the US)

• Pays off businesses to not rat them out/use their space for drugs

Colorado River Compact (when, who, what did it do)

• 1922 between Mexico and US 

• Divided colorado river basin into two (upper and lower) 

• Established framework for water rights management

• Mexico got short end of the stick, US didnt give them all promise water, drought issues

Mexican Water Treaty of 1944 (what did it do)

• Creation of the international boundary and water commission 

• Promised mexico 1.5 million acre feet of water to mexico plus 200k under surplus conditions 

• Irrigated agriculture in mexicali

• Didnt account for climate change or population growth