Exam 3

The entire responsibility for urine lies with the nephron

False

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the osmolarity of the filtrate

False

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body

False

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption

True

Obligator water reabsorption (solvent drag) involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient

True

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal

True

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress

False

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower then in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water

False

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct

False

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate

True

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH

True

In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically

True

Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption

True

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH

False

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45

True

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch

False

Obligatory water reabsorption (solvent drag) involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient

True

If the GFR is too low, needed substances pay pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine

False

The thin segment of the nephron loops descending limb___________

a.) is easily broken and replaced often

b.) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste

c.) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space

d.) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

D

The presence of large proteins in the urine indicates which of the following?

a.) damage to the renal tubules

b.) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues

c.) damage to the filtration membrane

d.) too much protein in the diet

C

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

a.) angiotensin II and ADH

b.) angiotensin I and epinephrine

c.) angiotensin II and aldosterone

d.) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

C

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?

a.) hormonal regulation

b.) renal autoregulation

c.) neural regulation

d.) electrolyte levels

D

If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur?

a.) glomerular filtration rate will decrease

b.) systemic blood pressure will be lowered

c.) net filtration rate will decrease

d.) urine output will decrease

B

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

a.) vasa recta

b.) nephron loop

c.) principal cell

d.) macula densa

D

One of the major physiological factors that riggers thirst is ____________

a.) a dry mouth from high temperatures

b.) drinking caffeinated beverages

c.) a rise in plasma osmolality and ADH

d.) becoming overly agitated

C

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments__________

a.) always involves filtration

b.) requires ATP for the transport to take place

c.) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

d.) requires active transport

C

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin____________

a.) by a decrease in the blood pressure

b.) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

c.) when the pH of the urine decreases

d.) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

A

Respiratory acidosis can occur when__________

a.) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids

b.) a persons breathing is shallow due to obstruction

c.) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

d.) a runner has completed a very long marathon

B

Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries.

a.) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary

b.) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary

c.) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole

d.) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary’s endothelium

D

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney

a.) arcuate

b.) cortical radiate

c.) interlobar

d.) lobar

A

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?

a.) net filtration pressure will decrease

b.) glomerular filtration rate will decrease

c.) systemic blood pressure will decrease

d.) urine output will decrease

C

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

a.) aldosterone

b.) antidiuretic hormone

c.) erythropoietin

d.) renin

A

The renal corpuscle is made up of_____

a.) the renal papilla

b.) the renal pyramid

c.) bowmans capsule and glomerulus

d.) the descending nephron loop

C

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may ne result of ___________

a.) the control of respiratory ventilation

b.) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach

c.) control of the acids produced in the stomach

d.) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

A

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?

a.) net filtration pressure will increase

b.) systemic blood pressure will go up

c.) urine output will increase

d.) glomerular filtration rate will increase

B

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur?

a.) net filtration pressure will decrease

b.) blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase

c.) kidney perfusion will increase

d.) glomerular filtration rate will decrease

C

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ____________

a.) increase in the production of ADH

b.) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

c.) decrease in the production of ADH

d.) increase in the production of aldosterone

A

Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ____________

a.) vasodilation

b.) vasoconstriction

c.) enhanced water loss in urine

d.) enhanced sodium ions loss in urine

B

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ____________

a.) collecting duct

b.) glomerular filtration membrane

c.) distal convoluted tubule

d.) nephron loop

D

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

a.) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid

b.) loss of Na+ -K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

c.) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate

d.) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface

B

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is____________

a.) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

b.) the ionic electrochemical gradient

c.) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

d.) protein- regulated diffusion

A

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

a.) normally, all the glucose is reabsorbed

b.) most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules

c.) the clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult

d.) the glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood

A

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low_________

a.) a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

b.) most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

c.) nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed

d.) aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes

B

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

a.) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

b.) thyroxine

c.) aldosterone

d.) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

a.) they hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption

b.) they increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood’s plasma to help actively excrete toxins

c.) their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules

d.) they increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed

D

Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes?

a.) progesterone

b.) atrial natriuretic peptide

c.) antidiuretic hormone

d.) aldosterone

C

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environments are called _________

a.) metabolic

b.) volatile

c.) compensatory

d.) amphoteric

D

Place the following in correct sequence from formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.


1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

a.) 3,1,2,6,5,4

b.) 2,1,3,6,5,4

c.) 6,3,2,1,5,4

d.) 3,6,2,1,5,4

D

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ____________

a.) respiratory acidosis

b.) metabolic acidosis

c.) respiratory alkalosis

d.) metabolic alkalosis

A

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

a.) a vasa recta

b.) a fenestrated capillary

c.) a podocyte

d.) an efferent arteriole

A