Human Growth and Development

Information from the Purple Book for the CPCE and NCE.

Freudian stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; emphasize sexuality

Erik Erikson’s eight stages

focus on social relationships; psychosocial

Psychometric

mental testing or measurement

Psychodiagnostic

pertains to the study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues; in counseling, aforementioned factors or tests to label the client in a diagnostic category

Psychopharmacology

studies the effects that medications or drugs have on psychological functions

Psychodynamic theory

focuses on unconscious processes rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients

Id

the seat of sex and aggression; not rational or logical, and it is void of time orientation. It is chaotic and only concerned with the body, not the outside world.

Ego

logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check

Ego psychologists

accent the ego and the power of control

e.g., Erik Erikson

Superego

the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality

Behaviorists

do not believe in concepts like the id, the ego, and the superego; generally feel that if it can’t be measured then it doesn’t exist

Radical behaviorists

do not believe in mental constructs such as “the mind” nor do they believe in consciousness

Erik Erikson

a psychoanalyst and a disciple of Freud; created a theory with eight stages in which each stages represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point

A. A. Brill

analytic career theory

Milton H. Erickson

associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis

Jean Piaget

the leading name in cognitive development in children; his four-stage cognitive development theory is based on epigenesis (the notion that successfully completing a previous stage is necessary for the stages that transpire next)

Jay Haley

known for their work in strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. Claims to have acquired a wealth of information by studying the work of Milton H. Erickson

Arnold Lazarus

considered a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique which helps clients cope with phobias; name is associated with multimodal theraoy

Robert Perry

known for their ideas related to adult cognitive development; espeically regarding college students

Dualistic thinking

dualism, black and white thinking with virtually no ambiguity

Relativistic thinking

the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation

Robert Kegan

well-known figure in the area of adult cognitive development; model stresses interpersonal development as a “constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality throughout the lift span”