Chapter 16 - Aldehydes and Ketones

Ketones

Ketones

________ are designated in the IUPAC system by selecting the longest chain that includes the carbonyl group as the parent alkane and then expressing its presence by altering the suffix from- e to- one (as show in the image attached)

IUPAC

The ________ designations for aldehydes and ketones follow the well- known pattern of picking the longest chain of carbon atoms that includes the functional group as the parent alkane.

Diethyl ether

________ and pentane have the lowest boiling points among the chemicals listed in the image attached.

Alcohols

________ (as shown in the image attached) and carboxylic acids are polar molecules that may form the strongest intermolecular connection, hydrogen bonding.

term Nucleophilic

The ________ acyl addition refers to a characteristic reaction mechanism of carbonylcontaining compounds such as aldehydes and ketones in which a nucleophile makes a new bond to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon atom.

oxygen atoms

Because the ________ in aldehydes and ketones 'carbonyl groups operate as hydrogen bond acceptors with water, low- molecular- weight aldehydes and ketones are more soluble in water than nonpolar molecules of equivalent molecular weight.

Butanal

________ and 2- butanone are both polar compounds with higher boiling temperatures than pentane and diethyl ether due to intermolecular interaction between their carbonyl groups.

higher electronegative potential

Because oxygen has a(n) ________ than carbon (3.5 vs. 2.5), a carbon- oxygen double bond is polar, with oxygen having a partial negative charge and carbon having a partial positive charge.

Carbonyl

________ compounds undergo a third distinctive reaction (take a proton away) in the presence of a strong base to generate a highly significant species known as an enolate anion.

Carbonyl molecules

________, such as aldehydes and ketones, are involved in a broad range of significant reactions, the majority of which involve nucleophilic acyl addition.

new chiral center

A(n) ________ is frequently formed as a tetrahedral result of nucleophile addition to a carbonyl.

carbon carbon

The presence of a(n) ________ double or triple bond is indicated by the infix- en- or- yn- in unsaturated aldehydes.

Ketones

________ are designated in the IUPAC system by selecting the longest chain that includes the carbonyl group as the parent alkane and then expressing its presence by altering the suffix from- e to- one (as shown in the image attached)

Diethyl ether

________ is a polar molecule, but due to steric hindrance, its molecules only have modest dipole- dipole interactions (as shown in the image attached)

oxygen atom

If an acid is present, the proton will add to the carbonyl ________ (add a proton), increasing the electrophilicity of the carbonyl group.