Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle

A self-regulated sequence of events controlling cell growth and division, aimed at producing two daughter cells with identical chromosomes.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and prepares for division, subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases.

G1 Phase

The longest and most variable phase of the cell cycle, where the cell gathers nutrients and synthesizes RNA and proteins for DNA synthesis.

S Phase

The phase where DNA synthesis occurs, doubling the cell's DNA and forming new chromatids, lasting about 7.5 to 10 hours.

G2 Phase

A preparatory phase for cell division, where the cell examines its replicated DNA and reorganizes cytoplasmic organelles.

M Phase

The mitotic phase where karyokinesis (nucleus division) and cytokinesis (cell division) occur, lasting about 1 hour.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Internal quality control mechanisms that regulate transitions between cell-cycle stages and monitor conditions such as cell size.

Restriction Checkpoint

The critical checkpoint in the G1 phase where the cell evaluates its replicative potential to decide on entering the S phase or leaving the cycle.

Mitotic Catastrophe

The failure to arrest the cell cycle before or at mitosis, leading to abnormal chromosome separation and potential cell death.

Mitosis

A process of cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells by separating chromosomes and dividing the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

The process that divides the cytoplasm of a parent cell into two daughter cells, typically initiated by the formation of a cleavage furrow.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, and kinetochores form.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, facilitated by the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Anaphase

The stage where sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell by microtubules.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, which uncoil and the cytoplasm divides.