ORGS 2100 - Class 9: Leadership Styles and Behaviour

What is the leadership myth?

challenge assuming leadership exerts significant influence

What is leadership?

power & influence → other’s goal activity

What did Drew Dudley comprehensively claim in TED-Ed’s “Everyday leadership” video?

leader

• thing one’s going to deserve

lollipop moment

• moment: one said / did thing fundamentally making life better without knowing

What did early leadership approaches identify?

trait

What is Leader-Member Exchange theory?

// LMX theory

leader → follower need

What is a Leader-Member Exchange theory ingroup?

high-quality exchange

What is a Leader-Member Exchange theory outgroup?

low-quality exchange

What do leader ingroups have?

• communication

• trust

• respect

• obligation

What are some examples of ways to build stronger LMX relationships?

• open & honest communication

• individual support

• trust & reliability

• shared goal & vision

What explains how leaders play a psychological safety role?

create environment where employee feels comfortable expressing idea without fear

• openly communicate

• actively listen

• value diverse perspective

What is an example of a way one might not feel comfortable sharing new ideas?

not feel psychologically safe

What does Dr. Amy C. Edmondson comprehensively claim in Harvard Business School’s “Leading in Tough Times” article?

psychological safety founder

• low interpersonal fear

hard because avoid:

• incompetence → don’t admit

• ignorance → don’t ask

• intrusion → don’t offer

• negativity → don’t criticize

organization need to address new challenge

• candor

• speed

• creativity

• candidly speak → multiple people work

examples of things leaders do to create psychological safety

• frame work → learning problem

• make clear that group needs voices

→ honest input & idea flow

BY ask question

psychological safety v.s. accountability

• tradeoff 2 dimensions

  • take foot off brake & step on gas

  • comfort & anxiety

  • learning // high-performance … zone

psychological safety v.s. inclusion

• improve psychological safety → improve inclusion

What does the “Why good leaders make you feel safe | Simon Sinek | TED” video comprehensively claim?

military v.s. business

• military: medal to one sacrificing self so other gains

• business: bonus to one sacrificing other so self gains

→ because safe environment ‘they would’ve done for me’ » trust & cooperation = feeling instruction

leadership = rank choice

What is 1 decision-making leadership approach example?

time-driven leadership model

What is 1 behavioural leadership approach example?

life cycle leadership model

What do leaders promote when they attend to relations & cultivate psychological safety?

• innovation

• well-being

What is transformational leadership?

inspire follower to commit to shared vision providing meaning while serving as role model developing potential & viewing problem from own perspective

What are the leadership dimensions motivating transformation & change?

• idealized influence

• inspirational motivation

• intellectual stimulation

• individualized consideration

Dr. King communicated a clear vision for the future, equality for all persons through nonviolent change. (Module)

• Idealized influence

• Inspirational motivation

• Intellectual stimulation

• Idealized consideration

Dr. King clearly articulated an inspirational vision for a better future.

Dr. King used a number of techniques to create a sense of familiarity that allowed his message to resonate with his listeners, such as references from The Bible. (Module)

• Idealized influence

• Inspirational motivation

• Intellectual stimulation

• Idealized consideration

Dr. King's use of terms that the audience would understand and feel passionate about helped them identify with him and his message, a form of idealized influence.

Dr. King called upon the audience to question their taken-for-granted assumptions about how society works, suggesting that society is not fair for Black Americans and that they need to think about the problem differently. (Module)

• Idealized influence

• Inspirational motivation

• Intellectual stimulation

• Idealized consideration

Dr. King used intellectual stimulation to challenge the audience to re-examine some of their assumptions about the fairness of society and rethink how it can be changed through non-violent means.

What does Psychology Today’s Emeric Kubiak comprehensively claim in the “Leadership for Today: Let's Ask the Right Questions” article?

• identify what leaders should look like question way one makes decisions & focus on means to objectively identify

The Future of Leadership?

• AI → behavioural skill refocus

• leadership = power over people power with people

• openness & emotional stability & agreeableness / task-oriented behaviour-oriented → success / team effectiveness

  • influence employee satisfaction & psychological safety

• what leaders should be v.s. what leaders are = collective misunderstanding of good leader poor intuition-based decision practice consequence

Emergence…Is Not Performance

• intuition = myth

  • select leader to match true potential ‘implicit leadership theory’

  • emerge criteria ≠ perform criteria

• select leaders for confidence

→ narcissism » value employee like them

v.s.

• select leader on objective data

  • psychometric test

What are some examples of why social identity groups continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions?

• leader emergence

• leader effectiveness

What does the “The Likability Dilemma for Women Leaders | Robin Hauser | TED” video comprehensive claim?

women face double bind in leadership

• align with masculine norms but be penalized for violating gender stereotype

  • decisive

  • competent

  • assertive

  • strong

• do not align with masculine norms but risk not being seen as effective leader

  • kind

  • nurturing

  • helpful

  • supportive

  • deferential

competence / likability dilemma

• rarely perceived competent & likable

« unconscious bias

women > men when negotiating for self other

• selfish v.s. helpful ≠ leader

→ speak up

→ forget likability

What does Stephen Friedman’s Leadership Lessons on “How To Deal with Difficult People.” Changing Our Frames” article comprehensively claim?

dispositional attribution

• easily categorizing / blaming / conceptualizing frame

→ difficult people people not yet learned to get with

1. Frame

• difficult people = antagonism // argumentativeness // hostility

2. Reframe

• difficulty ≠ broken thing

• judgemental & lacking equanimity frame

• exclusive focus on other ≠ help

3. Move Forward

→ 1: one is difficult v.s. one needs to be less difficult

→ 2: not able to manage interaction with other v.s. learn to somehow manage

→ 3: evaluative sympathetic

What does LMX refer to? (Quiz)

• Leaders More eXtraverted

• Leader Management eXchange

• Loyalty Member eXchange

• Leader Member eXchange

LMX = leader member exchange

In describing the double bind that women leaders face, Robin Hauser references the __________________ dilemma. (Quiz)

• Competence

• Assertiveness

• Likability

• Warmth

According to Robin Hauser, the likability dilemma describes a dilemma that women can face when they are penalized by others for not being likeable, but if they are likeable then they are not seen as suited for leadership.

_________________________ is an approach to leadership that inspires followers to commit to a shard vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from their own perspective. (Quiz)

• Transactional leadership

• Transformational leadership

• LMX

• Laissez-faire

Transformational leadership is an approach to leadership that inspires followers to commit to a shard vision that provides meaning to their work while also serving as a role model who helps followers develop their own potential and view problems from their own perspective.

Which if the following is the definition of psychological safety? (Quiz)

• Employees feel comfortable expressing their thoughts, ideas, and concerns without fear of retribution

• Employees feel worried about expressing their thoughts, ideas, and concerns for fear of retribution

• Employees feel like they have access to necessary safety equipment in case of injury at work

• Employees feel like the workplace is not stressful 

Psychological safety is defined as employees feeling comfortable expressing their thoughts, ideas, and concerns without fear of retribution

All of the following are ways leaders can develop high quality relationships with followers, EXCEPT: (Quiz)

• Treat all followers the same

• Open and honest communication

• Trust and reliability

• Individualized support

For high quality LMX relationships, leaders much consider followers' specific needs and thus treating each follower the same may not achieve that aim.

In calling upon the audience to question their taken-for-granted assumptions about how society works, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. leveraged which one of the four dimensions of transformational leadership? (Quiz)

• Idealized influence

• Inspirational motivation

• Intellectual stimulation

• Idealized consideration

Intellectual stimulation involves challenging followers to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions and reframing old situations in new ways.

What type of leadership approach is Indra Nooyi, former CEO of PepsiCo, known for? (Quiz)

• Transformational

• Transactional

• LMX

• Laissez-faire

Indra Nooyi is known for her LMX approach to leadership.

2023 research shows that, because of harmful and incorrect stereotypes, people continue to associate white people with leadership qualities more so than Black people. This is likely to be a source of bias in _____________________. (Quiz)

• Leadership emergence

• LMX

• transformational leadership

• Transactional leadership

If people are less likely to associate leadership qualities with certain social groups, then members of those social groups are less likely to be "seen" as leaders and are less likely to have opportunities to emerge as leaders, affecting leadership emergence.

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between psychological safety and employees' innovation (Quiz)

• Psychological safety is not related to employees' innovation

• Psychological safety decreases employees' innovation

• Psychological safety improves employees' innovation

• Psychological safety is not related to employees' innovation, but rather to employees' well-being

Psychological safety improves employees' innovation by helping employees feel more comfortable taking risks.

All of the following are dimensions of transformational leadership, EXCEPT: (Quiz)

• Idealized influence

• Inspirational motivation

• Individualized consideration

• Interdisciplinary collaboration

Interdisciplinary collaboration is not a dimensions of transformational leadership.

What does leadership affect in follower direction?

• event interpretation

• activity organization

• goal commitment

• other relation & support

• cooperation access

What are some employee-centred leader effectiveness measure examples?

• unit

• dyad

… -focused approach

What is a unit-focused approach?

employee-centred leader effectiveness measure

• survey & average

What is a dyad-focused approach?

employee-centred leader effectiveness measure

• survey relation & differentiate in- / out- … group

What is leader-member exchange theory?

//LMX theory

• develop dyadic leader-member relation over time

What is role taking?

LMX phase

• leader provides expectation & follower meets expectation

What is role making?

LMX phase

• follower voices expectation → opportunity / resource v.s. activity / effort flow

What are the leader-member dyads?

• high-quality exchange dyad

v.s.

• low-quality exchange dyad

What is a high-quality exchange dyad?

LMX ingroup

• high…

  • communication

  • trust

  • respect

  • obligation

What is a low-quality exchange dyad?

LMX outgroup

• low…

  • communication

  • trust

  • respect

  • obligation

What does LMX theory suggest?

• competent / likable / similar personality to leader = ingroup

• effectiveness should gauge critical leader-member dyad

What culture is high-LMX relationship effective for?

individualistic > collectivistic = Western > Asian

What is leader effectiveness?

degree

• action → achievement

• commitment

• dyad

What do traits predict?

leader emergence

What explains traits’ leader emergence prediction?

increase motivation to lead

What limitations cause leadership research to move in a different direction?

• weak trait correlation

  • > leader effectiveness

• practical relevance: trait < action

What can leaders do to make them more effective?

• decision making style

• day-to-day behaviour

• behaviour out of duty

What traits are related to leader emergence?

• high conscientiousness

• low agreeableness

What traits are related to leader effectiveness?

none

What traits are related to leader … emergence & effectiveness?

high…

• openness

• extraversion

• cognitive ability

• energy levels

• stress tolerance

• self-confidence

What is the most important leader decision-making style element?

decide for self / involve other

What are the leader decision-making styles?

high follower control

• delegative

• facilitative

• consultative

• autocratic

high leader control

What is facilitative style?

leader style

• present problem to group & seek consensus

What is delegative style?

leader style

• give employee decision making responsibility

What are some examples of factors to consider when leaders choose a style?

• decision quality

>

• acceptance & commitment

What is the time-driven leadership model?

model

• autocratic / consultative / facilitative / delegative leader situation

• combine factors to make decision-making styles more effective

What are the time-driven leadership model factors?

• decision significance

• commitment importance & likelihood

• leader & employee expertise

• shared objective

• teamwork skill

What are the autocratic style principles?

• low decision significance

• low commitment importance

or

• high leader expertise

>

• high commitment likelihood

What are the delegative style principles?

• high teamwork skill

• low commitment likelihood

What is the overused leader style?

• consultative

What are the underused leader styles?

• autocratic

• facilitative

What are the day-to-day leader behaviour dimensions?

• initiating structure

• consideration

What are the initiating structure behaviours?

• initiation

• organization

• production

What are the consideration behaviours?

• membership

• integration

• communication

• recognition

• representation

What is initiating structure?

day-to-day leader behaviour pattern

• define role → goal

What is consideration?

day-to-day leader behaviour pattern

• create relation by mutual trust / idea respect / feeling consideration

What is the life cycle leader model?

// situational leader model

model

• optimal initiating structure & consideration combo depends on employee readiness

What is readiness?

degree

• ability

• willingness

.. to accomplish task

What are the life cycle leader model snapshots?

• R1

• R2

• R3

• R4

What is R4?

readiness snapshot

• firing on all cylinders

What is R3?

readiness

• starting to work well together

What is R2?

readiness

• seeming harder than expected task

What is R1?

readiness

• inexperienced but eager

What is the R4 leader behaviour combo?

delegating

What is the R3 leader behaviour combo?

participating

What is the R2 leader behaviour combo?

selling

What is the R1 leader behaviour combo?

telling

What is telling?

• low initiating structure

• low consideration

What is selling?

• low initiating structure

• high consideration

What is participating?

• high initiating structure

• high consideration

What is delegating?

• high initiating structure

• low consideration

What does life cycle leader model research suggest?

• telling / selling > if lacking ability / confidence / motivation

• high readiness = leader behaviour <

What gets transformed in transformational leadership?

follower work view

• collective good > short-term self-interest

What is laissez-faire leadership?

type

• avoid duty

What are the leader approaches?

• laissez-faire

<

• transactional

  • passive management-by-exception

  <

  • active management-by-exception

  <

  • contingent reward

<

• transformational

What is transactional leadership?

approach

• performance reward / discipline

What is passive management-by-exception?

transactional leadership

• wait & correct error

What is active management-by-exception?

transactional leadership

• monitor & correct error

What is contingent reward?

transactional leadership

• agree on what needs to be done using reward / performance exchange

What is the carrot-&-stick leader approach?

management-by-exception → stick + contingent reward → carrot = transformational → carrot-&-stick

What are The Four I’s?

• idealized influence

• inspirational motivation

• intellectual stimulation

• individualized consideration

What is culturally endorsed implicit leader theory?

leader = in beholder eye

What explains international transformational leader appeal?

• idealism

• virtue

What is idealized influence?

// charisma

behave in way earning admiration / trust / respect

→ follower wants to identify / emulate

What is inspirational motivation?

behave in way fostering enthusiasm / commitment to shared future vision by meaning-making