AP BIO Unit 2

Ribosomes

Sites in the cell where proteins are synthesized.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle involved in protein synthesis and sorting.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi complex

A cellular organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.

Mitochondria

Organelles involved in generating energy (ATP) for the cell.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes for breaking down waste materials.

Vacuole

A membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, or waste.

Chloroplast

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Plasma membrane

A selectively permeable barrier that encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits.

Protein

Large molecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions in the body.

Steroid

A type of lipid molecule with a specific arrangement of carbon atoms in rings.

Glycoprotein

A protein with attached carbohydrate chains.

Glycolipid

A lipid molecule with attached carbohydrate chains.

Selective permeability

Property of a membrane allowing some substances to pass while restricting others.

Cell wall

A rigid structure outside the cell membrane providing support and protection (in plant cells and some others).

Passive transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane without the input of energy.

Active transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane requiring energy.

Endocytosis

Process of bringing substances into a cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Exocytosis

Process of releasing substances from a cell via vesicles merging with the cell membrane.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs involved in transport within the cell.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of substances across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

Channel proteins

Proteins forming channels in the cell membrane to facilitate specific molecule passage.

Membrane proteins

Proteins embedded in or attached to the cell membrane.

Concentration gradient

Difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

Hypotonic

Solution with lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

Hypertonic

Solution with higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

Isotonic

Solutions with equal solute concentration.

Water potential

The potential energy of water in a system.

Osmolarity

Measure of the concentration of solute particles in a solution.

Solute

A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

Compartmentalize

Organize or separate into distinct compartments or sections.

Endosymbiosis

Theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic cells through the engulfment of one cell by another, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship.