HPU Parasitology Lab 1

Trypanosoma Cruzi Amastigote

Found in the Americas

Oval-shaped, lacks a free flagellum

Multiplying by binary fission in infected cells.

Present in the human stage.

Later develops into Trypomastigotes.

Trypanosoma Cruzi Epimastigote

Found in the Americas

Elongated, with a long undulating membrane.

Multiply in the midgut

Migrate the the hindgut to later transform

Trypanosoma Cruzi Trypomastigote

Found in the Americas

Develops in the hind gut of the KISSING BUG

Penetrate various cells at the bite sight

Found in the bloodstream of the vertebrate host

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiese: metacyclic trypomastigotes

Found in West and central Africa

Causes chronic (Develops slowly and lasts a long time) infection

It develops in the salivary gland of the tseste bug. (ready for injection into host)

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiese: Blood Stream trypomastigotes

Found in West and central Africa

Causes chronic (Develops slowly and lasts a long time) infection

Found in the Blood Stream of the host

Multiply by binary fission

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiese: Procyclic trypomastigotes

Found in West and central Africa

Causes chronic (Develops slowly and lasts a long time) infection

Found in the midgut of the vector (tsetse)

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiese: Epimastigote

Found in West and central Africa

Causes chronic (Develops slowly and lasts a long time) infection

Found in the salivary glands

Trypanosoma Brucei rhodesiense: metacyclic trypomastigotes

Found in east and southern Africa

Causes Acute (rapidly progressing) infection, Symptoms tend to be more severe

Trypanosoma Brucei rhodesiense: Procyclic trypomastigotes

Found in east and southern Africa

Causes Acute (rapidly progressing) infection, Symptoms tend to be more severe

Found in the midgut of the vector (tsetse)

Trypanosoma Brucei rhodesiense: Blood Stream trypomastigotes

Found in east and southern Africa

Causes Acute (rapidly progressing) infection, Symptoms tend to be more severe

Found in the Blood Stream of the host

Multiply by binary fission

Leishmania donovani Promastigote

Old and New world species- kala-azar

Increase in cases in the HIV population

Found in the gut of the sand fly

Leishmania donovani Amastigote

Old and New world species- kala-azar

Increase in cases in the HIV population

Found multiplying in the cells of the host

Leishmania Mexicana Promastigote

New world species- Chiclero Ulcer

Found in Northern Central America, Mexico, and Texas

Found in the gut of the sand fly

Leishmania Mexicana Amastigote

New world species- Chiclero Ulcer

Found in Northern Central America, Mexico, and Texas

Found multiplying in the cells of the host

Leishmania Braziliensis Promastigote

New world species- Espundia

Found in central Mexico to northern Argentina

Found in the gut of the sand fly

Leishmania Braziliensis Amastigote

New world species- Espundia

Found in central Mexico to northern Argentina

Found multiplying the the cells of the host

Leishmania Tropica & Major Promastigote

Old world species- Oriental Sore

Found in Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Central Asia.

Found in the gut of the sand fly

Leishmania Tropica & Major Amastigote

Old world species- Oriental Sore

Found in Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Central Asia.

Found multiplying the the cells of the host

Giardia Duodenalis Trophozoite

Become infected by consuming contaminated food or water.

2 nuclei, bi-lobed adhesive discs

Active feeding stage (tear shaped)

Giardia Duodenalis cyst

Become infected by consuming contaminated food or water.

2 nuclei, has a thick cell wall

Not in its host

Entamoeba Histolytica Trophozoite

Contains one large nuclei and has four blunt chromatin bars

endosome is centrally positioned

lacks a thick cell wall

Entamoeba Histolytica cyst

Contains four smaller nuclei

has a thick protective cell wall

This stage is responsible for transmission of the parasite

Entamoeba Coli Cyst

Contains 8-16 nuclei

Tapered chromatid bars

has a thin delicate cell wall

Endosomes are off-center

Entamoeba Coli Trophozoite

endosome is centrally positioned

lacks a thick cell wall

Contains 4 nuclei

Trichomonas vaginalis

undulating membrane

Pear-shaped or oval with an anterior flagellum

Three to five flagella in total

Multiplies through binary fission

No cyst form

Eimeria Tenella

Found in chickens

found in the intestinal ceca of this chicken

Stage 1 of infection: the ingestion of oocysts

Stage 2 of infection: oocysts enter the stomach and release sporocysts.

Stage 3 of infection: Sporozoite liberation in the intestines.

Stage 4 phase 1: Schizogony (asexual reproduction) and the liberation or merozoites

2nd and 3rd phase: Asexual reproduction, gut damage (diahirrea, weight loss)

Stage 5 sexual reproduction, microgameonts, and macrogamonts (results in the formation of immature oocyst)

Stage 6 oocyst is excreted with feces

Stage 7 Sporulation occurs and the oocysts become infective

toxoplasma gondii

global in distribution, lacks host specificity (infects most warm blooded mammals)

cosmopolitan in the human population—estimated: 22.5% over 12 have been infected

Transmitted through consumption of uncooked pork, beef, and lamb, it is also zoonotic; cats are a reservoir host

Where can Toxoplasma gondii be found in the human body?

Acute, Chronic, and Oocysts

Acute: Spleen, Liver, muscles, nervous system

Chronic: Brain, Muscles, eyes, lungs, heart

Oocysts: Intestines of felines and in their feces

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

1: Unsporulated oocysts are shed in the cat’s feces

2: Intermediate hosts in nature become infected after ingesting soil (Oocysts take 1–5 days to sporulate in the environment and become infective)

3: Oocysts → tachyzoites shortly after ingestion, tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue and develop into tissue cyst bradyzoites

4: Cats become infected after consuming intermediate hosts

5: Eating undercooked meat, contaminated food, Blood transfusion, mother to fetus

Stage 1 of Toxoplasma gondii

1: Unsporulated oocysts are shed in the cat’s feces

Stage 2 of Toxoplasma gondii

2: Unsporulated oocysts become infective after 1-5 days in the environment and are consumed by rodents and birds

Stage 3 of Toxoplama gondii

3: Oocysts transform into tachyzoites shortly after ingestion. These tachyzoites localize in neural and muscle tissue and develop into tissue cyst bradyzoites

Stage 4 of Toxoplasma gondii

4: Cats become infected after consuming intermediate hosts harboring tissue cysts

or

Cats become infected directly by ingestion of sporulated oocysts

stage 5 of Toxoplasma gondii

5: Eating undercooked meat, consuming a contaminated food or drink, Blood transfusion, and mother to fetus

Stage 6 of Toxoplasma gondii

6: Parasites form tissue cysts, most commonly in skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes; these cysts may remain throughout the life of the host.

Stages of Cryptosporidum parvum

1: Thick-walled oocyst (sporulated) is excreted

2: Contamination of food and water with oocyst

3: Thick-walled oocyst is ingested by host

Where in the host is Cryptosporidum parvum present

Mainly located in the gastrointestinal tract

Cryptosporidium Parvum life cycle

oocyst → sporozoite → Trophozoite → undergoes asexual reproduction → Merozoite → Undifferentiated gamont → Micro and macrogamont undergo sexual reproduction → Microgametes for a zygote → Thick-walled oocyst is created and can either exit the host or remain in the host and repeat this life cycle

Plasmodium Falciparum & vivax: schizont

Schizonts develop inside infected red blood cells

Plasmodium Falciparum & vivax: Ring stage

Located in the infected RBCs

Plasmodium Falciparum & vivax: Trophozoite

Growing stage of the parasite in the RBCs

Plasmodium Falciparum & vivax: Gametocyte

Gametocytes develop in the RBCs and circulate in the blood stream

Plasmodium Falciparum & vivax: oocyst

Develope in the midgut of the vector

Babesia Canis

Diagnosis for giardia duodenalis

1: Ask for the patients travel history to rule out areas of common cantaminated food and water, ask patient if they have been in lakes rivers and pools recently, ask the patient of they have been in contact with a person with giardia duodenalis.

2: Has the patient come in to contact with feces through sexual or frequent contact or in contact with any infected animal.

3: Collect a stool sample and examine it.

Diagnosis for Entamoeba Histolytica

1: Determine the patients sexual history

2: Does the patient have poor sanitary tendencies?

3: Has the patient consumed contaminated foods?

4: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA stool examination)

Diagnosis for Trypanosoma Cruzi

1: Determine the symptoms of the patient and the location the patient was infected (Central, South America)

2: Blood smear microscopy to determine if infected

3: or PCR test for newborns

Diagnosis for T. Brucei

1: Determine symptoms and location of infection (Africa, Middle east)

2: Examine of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, BLOOD, bone marrow, Antibody detection

Diagnosis for Trichomonas Vaginalis

1: Ask about the patients sexual history and use of protection

2: vaginal or urethral discharge is examined under microscope

Diagnosis for leishmania donovani

1: Look for the symptoms of Fever, weight loss, decreased immune function

2: Run an ELISA test, antibody test

Diagnosis for Crytosporidium Parvum

1: Ask if the patient has good hygiene and stays away from contaminated water sources (cattle are a major host)

2: Use immunofluorescence microscopy & enzyme immunoassay

Diagnosis for Plasmodium Falciparum and vivax

1: Determine the patients travel history (looking for 15 degrees N to 25 degree S)

2: examine the patients blood under a microscope to try and find any parasites

Diagnosis for Balantidium coli

1: Ask about travel history to determine of the food or drinking water is commonly contaminated with feces

2: Does the patient have poor hygiene

3: Detection of trophozoites in stool samples from symptomatic patients or in tissue collected during endoscopy