psychology research methodss

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62 Terms

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Situational variable

variables present in the environment that might effect the results of the experiment. e.g temperature,noise,light levels

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Participant variable

when a participants mood,ability,nationality,etc. might effect the results

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order effects

when the participants worsen or improve in the second condition because they became tired or have practiced.

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standardised procedure

all parts of the procedure are kept the same. So every participant experiences the same condition

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investigator effects

when the researcher unintentionally gives away the aims of the investigation

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demand characteristics

when the participants alter their behavior because they discovered the aims of the study.

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counterbalncing

half of the participants experience condition A then B whilst the other half experience condition B then A. So that order effects cancel out.

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Random allocation or randomisation

participants are randomly assigned to a condition

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single blind technique

the true aims of the investigation are kept hidden from the participants

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double blind technique

when the aims of the investigation is kept from both the investigators and the participants.

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Random sampling

  • picked out of a hat.

  • ADVANTAGES-not a biased sample, cost and time effective, equal chance.

  • DISADVANTAGES- target population may not be represented, participants may not want to take part.

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opportunity sampling

  • using participants that are ready to use.

  • ADVANTAGES - ethical, time and cost effective.

  • DISADVANTAGES - biased sample not all of target population is represented, not an equal opportunity.

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stratified sampling

  • identifies sub groups of population.

  • ADVANTAGES- all of target population represented, most reliable results.

  • DISADVANTAGES- time consuming, people can refuse, invalid conclusions

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self selected (volunteer) sampling

  • asking participants to take part.

  • ADVANTAGES-most ethical, minimal effort, possible to recruit target population

  • DISADVANTAGES- target population may not be represented

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Repeated measures

Participant experience all conditions.fewer people needed. order effect affect results. Participnat characteristics(extraneous variable) kept constant

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Independant measures

  • Each group experiences only one condition.

  • Participant characteristics may affect results. More participants are needed

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Matched pairs

  • two groups of participants are matched on key characteristics.

  • Time consuming. Not possible to match all characteristics. More participants are needed.

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experimental designs definition

three different ways of deciding which participants are in which condition.

Independent measures

repeated measures

Matched psirs

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reliability

when something can be repeated multiple times and you get the same result.( consistency of an outcome)

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internal validity(validity)

how confident are we that the test measures what it intends to.

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ecological validity

how generalisable the findings are to the real world.(situations or setting typical of everyday life.)

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population validity

how generalisable the findings are to a larger group of people(target population)

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Protection from harm

Participants should be no worse off when they leave an experiment as to when they arrived.

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informed consent

letting participants know what they are going to have to do in the study so their consent is 100% valid

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deception

Participants should know all the information about the experiment. Only if something might affect the results some things can be kept a secret

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right to withdraw

participants are able to withdraw at any moment even after the experiment finished

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debrief

if consent cannot be obtained. participants must be fully debriefed afterwards. The participants have the right to withdraw their information

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Qualitative data

mainly in words

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Quantitive data

numerical

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primary data

direct for a specific research

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secondary data

already been collected

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Bar chart

data in categories

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histogram

groups numbers into ranges

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scatter graphs

used for correlation data to show relation ship.

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independent variable

the variable the researcher manipulates

x-axis

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dependent variable

the variable the researcher measures

y-axis

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confounding variable

when a extraneous variable isn’t controlled and impacts dependent variable

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Null vs Alternative hypothesis

Null: a hypothesis that predicts no significant difference or correlation in the results of a study.

Alternative hypothesis : a testable statement that predicts a significant difference or correlation.

non directional - there will be a difference but doesn’t suggest direction e.g a gender difference

directional - states the direction of the difference or correlation. e.g males higher than female

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lab experiment description

conducted in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and observers its effect on the DV.

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Lab experiment AO1 points

  • allow researchers to have strict control of extraneous variables

  • Low ecological validity due to artificial setting

  • sampling can be unrepresentative if the sample is biased or has small numbers

  • can be easily replicated to test for reliability due to having standardised procedures

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Lab experiment AO3 points

  • controlled task → low task validity as it may not be an everyday activity for participants

  • Artificiality → increase demand characteristics as participants know they are being studied → may not reflect natural human behaviour

  • high control over extraneous variables internal validity

  • Test-retest replication of study due to standardised procedure increases reliability of findings

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Field experiment description

conducted in a natural setting where the IV is manipulated and the DV is measured

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Field experiment AO1 points

  • can take place in a realistic environment that participants would be familiar with

  • Researchers manipulate the IV and conditions that the participants experience

  • there is a DV that is measured by the researcher to test the impact of the IV

  • researchers are not always able to control extraneous variables (e.g situational)

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Field experiment AO3 points

  • not artificial environment → higher ecological validity

  • manipulate IV → test specific variables to establish cause and effect conclusions

  • task may lack mundane realism if artificial → reduces validity of findings

  • extraneous variables can reduce the validity of the results as there may be other influences other than the IV

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Natural experiment description

observing naturally occurring events and studying their effects on behaviour without the manipulation of the IV

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Natural experiment AO1 points

  • have naturally occuring IV (not manipulated by researcher)

  • there is a DV that is measured by the researcher to test impact of IV

  • take place in real life natural environment of the participants

  • researchers are unable to control any extraneous variables that could affect data

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Natural experiment AO3 points

  • Naturally occurring IV’s enable researchers to test variables that would otherwise be unethical to create artificially

  • can use standardised + objective measures

  • high ecological validity in findings as context and conditions are not artificial

  • extraneous variables can affect findings reducing validity

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Interview description

A data collection method where the researcher asks participants questions(structured or unstructured).

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Interview AO1 points

  • structured Interviews - researcher asks pre set questions in fixed order

  • semi structured interviews - researcher uses pre set questions but has flexibility to explore responses further.

  • unstructured interviews - researcher asks open-ended questions + follows participant’s responses(more natural flow of conversation.)

  • gather qualitative data which can provide rich detailed information about the person’s thoughts feelings and experiences

  • used to explore, opinions, and attitudes. Particularly useful when studying sensitive topics/ exploring complex behaviours

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interviews AO3 points

  • qualitative data → deep insight into participants unique views + experiences - validity

  • clarification is possible → more accurate results

  • Time consuming to conduct + analyze

  • Interviewer can influence/lead participants response → lowers validity

  • Demand characteristics - participants may alter their response in order to seem as good person/what researcher wants to hear

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Questionnaire description

Participants answer a set of questions, written or electronically, to collect data (qualitative/quantitative).

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Questionnaire AO1 points

  • can gather quantitative + qualitative data through closed and open ended questions

  • can be retested to check for consistency and reliability of the items

  • items may reflect the ideas of the researcher and could contain bias or leading questions.

  • can be easy to distribute to a large sample of the population in comparison to other methods.

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Questionnaire AO3 points

  • closed questions don’t allow pp to explain their choice → lacks depth and context.

  • replication of questionnaire → data can be compared to identify trends in behaviour

  • respondents might understand the questions differently → reduces validity.

  • Large scale samples → more accurate as it reduces affect of anomalies

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correlation description

examines relationship between 2 variables to see if they are linked without manipulating IV

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correlation AO1 points

  • does not involve manipulating variables only looking at naturally occuring patterns

  • strength + direction of relationship is represented by a number between 1 and -1. ( closer to +1 = stronger relationship)

  • Can be a negative, positive or no correlation

  • commonly used when experiments are not feasible/ethical

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correlation AO3 points

  • can highlight potential relationship between variables even when IV is not manipulated.

  • researchers don’t manipulate variables → less invasive + more ethical (especially with sensitive topics)

  • correlation does not = causation. Something could have happened due to third variable

  • even though 2 variables correlate it is unclear whether one variable causes the other

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case study description

an in depth study of an individual or small group often using multiple data collection methods over an extended period

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case study AO1 points

  • not representative of a larger population → focus on one’s unique experience

  • gathers in depth + detailed qualitative data about a person

  • can follow ethical requirement to make sure risk to pp is limited

  • can combine different research methods to check findings and make comparisons

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case study AO3 points

  • rare cases are unique to the one person → limit generalisability of findings

  • In depth → can produce data that provides a valid representation of the case

  • can be questionable whether ethical guidelines can be fully achieved (cannot give informed consent)

  • reliability of case study can be improved when pp repeats experimental tasks.

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observation description

researcher watches and records participants’ behaviour in a natural/controlled environment

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observation AO1 points

  • in structured observations the observer controls setting + apparatus

  • overt observations - when pp are aware of the observation

  • overt observations allow researchers to meet ethical issues

  • covert observation - pp are unaware of the observation

  • naturalistic observations take place in a naturalistic setting where context is not manipulated

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observation AO3 points

  • strict controls → easy replicated → can test reliability

  • covert observation → reduces issues of social desirability

  • overt observations → pp aware of aims → demand characteristics (findings do not represent natural behaviour)

  • artificiality → reduces ecological validity (results may not represnt how people behave in naturalistic settings)