psych 3b

Ecological Systems Theory

theory that development is influenced by multiple interacting environmental systems

Microsystem

immediate environment such as family school and peers

Mesosystem

interactions between different microsystems

Exosystem

environments that indirectly influence development such as a parent’s workplace

Macrosystem

cultural values laws and customs that shape development

Chronosystem

time-based changes and life transitions

Authoritarian Parenting Style

strict discipline with low warmth

Authoritative Parenting Style

firm rules with high warmth and responsiveness

Permissive Parenting Style

high warmth with few rules or limits

Secure Attachment

strong emotional bond with caregiver marked by trust

Insecure Attachment

attachment marked by anxiety or avoidance

Avoidant Attachment

emotionally distant attachment style

Anxious Attachment

clingy attachment with fear of abandonment

Disorganized Attachment

inconsistent and confused attachment behaviors

Temperament

inborn emotional and behavioral tendencies

Separation Anxiety

distress when separated from caregiver

Monkey Studies

Harlow’s studies showing comfort is more important than food for attachment

Parallel Play

children play alongside but not with others

Pretend Play

imaginative role-playing

Attachment Theory

theory explaining emotional bonds between children and caregivers

Social Clock

culturally expected timeline for life events

Emerging Adulthood

transition period between adolescence and adulthood

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

toddler stage focused on independence

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s eight stages across the lifespan

Trust vs Mistrust

infant stage focused on trust in caregivers

Identity vs Role Confusion

adolescent stage of identity exploration

Initiative vs Guilt

stage where children assert power and purpose

Industry vs Inferiority

stage focused on competence and achievement

Integrity vs Despair

later-life reflection on life satisfaction

Intimacy vs Isolation

stage focused on forming close relationships

Generativity vs Stagnation

stage focused on contributing to society

Diffusion

identity status with no exploration or commitment

Adverse Childhood Experiences

early trauma linked to long-term outcomes

Achievement

identity status with exploration and commitment

Identities Developed

aspects such as racial gender religious and occupational identity

Foreclosure

identity commitment without exploration

Moratorium

identity exploration without commitment

Adolescent Egocentrism

belief that one is unique and constantly observed

Imaginary Audience

belief that others are always watching

Personal Fable

belief in personal uniqueness and invulnerability

Behavioral Perspective

focus on observable behavior and learning

Classical Conditioning

learning through association of stimuli

Acquisition

initial stage of learning an association

Associative Learning

learning relationships between events

Unconditioned Stimulus

stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Unconditioned Response

natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

learned stimulus that triggers a response

Conditioned Response

learned response to conditioned stimulus

Extinction

weakening of a conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

return of extinguished response

Stimulus Discrimination

ability to distinguish between stimuli

Stimulus Generalization

responding to similar stimuli

Higher-Order Conditioning

conditioning involving a conditioned stimulus paired with another stimulus

Counterconditioning

replacing an unwanted response with a new one

Taste Aversion

learned avoidance of a food after illness

One-Trial Conditioning

learning after a single pairing

Biological Preparedness

genetic tendency to learn certain associations

Habituation

decreased response after repeated exposure

Operant Conditioning

learning through consequences

Reinforcement

consequence that increases behavior

Punishment

consequence that decreases behavior

Law of Effect

behaviors followed by rewards are repeated

Positive Reinforcement

adding stimulus to increase behavior

Negative Reinforcement

removing stimulus to increase behavior

Positive Punishment

adding stimulus to decrease behavior

Negative Punishment

removing stimulus to decrease behavior

Primary Reinforcer

innately rewarding stimulus

Secondary Reinforcer

learned rewarding stimulus

Reinforcement Discrimination

responding only when reinforcement is signaled

Reinforcement Generalization

responding across similar situations

Shaping

reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior

Instinctive Drift

tendency to revert to innate behaviors

Superstitious Behavior

behavior linked to accidental reinforcement

Learned Helplessness

passive behavior after repeated failure

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing behavior every time

Partial Reinforcement

reinforcing behavior intermittently

Fixed Interval Schedule

reinforcement after a fixed time period

Variable Interval Schedule

reinforcement after varying time intervals

Fixed Ratio Schedule

reinforcement after a set number of responses

Variable Ratio Schedule

reinforcement after varying responses

Graphing of Schedules of Reinforcement

visual patterns of responding

Scalloped Graph

response pattern typical of fixed interval schedules

Social Learning

learning by observing others

Vicarious Conditioning

learning by observing consequences to others

Modeling

imitating observed behavior

Insight Learning

sudden realization of a solution

Cognitive Map

mental representation of physical space

Latent Learning

learning that occurs without reinforcement

Learning

relatively permanent change in behavior from experience

Cognitive Learning

learning involving thinking and mental processes

Stimulus

any event that elicits a response

Behaviorism

approach focusing only on observable behavior

Respondent Behavior

automatic response to a stimulus

Operant Behavior

behavior shaped by consequences

Neutral Stimulus

stimulus that initially produces no response

Generalization

responding to similar stimuli

Operant Chamber

device used to study operant conditioning

Discriminative Stimulus

signals when a response will be reinforced

Social Learning Theory

theory that learning occurs through observation

Observational Learning

learning by watching others