3.1.1-3.1.6 Biomed

What is epi

What is epi

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

What is a epidemiologist

A epidemiologist is a medical scientist who studies the transmission and control of epidemic diseases.

what is sporadic

when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals

What is an epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

What is endemic

Consistently transmitted disease within a population

What is an outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

What is a pandemic

worldwide epidemic

What is noscomia

hospital acquired infection

What is chronic

long term

What is congenital

present at birth

Why do you have to be strategic in communicating with the public

In order to avoid panic

What are the factor of strategic communication

Audience, Timing, an method of delivery

How can infectious pathogens spread

Through the air, through touch, through ingestion, ect

Prion

inanimate protein, gotten from tainted beef-contaminated medical equiptment-getting corneas from infected individual- they cause proteins in the brain to fold wrong-diagnosed through medical testing

Virus

non-living microscopic agent-gotten from saliva,blood, or sexual contact-destroys the hosts cells-diagnosed through physical and lab testing-treated with antivirals

Bacteria

Unicellular Prokaryotic agents-gotten from a break in the skin or orifice-They produce harmful toxins- diagnosed from physcial and lab testing-prevented with hygiene and vaccines

Protists

Single-cell eukaryotic-Gotten from eating or drinking contaminated stuff-They deprive the host of necessary nutrients-diagnosed through exam of fecal matter-prevent with proper hygiene and sanitary conditions

Fungi

Multi-cellular eukaryotic- gotten from spores that land on the host or are inhaled/ingested-they cause tissue damage-diagnosed from blood test and microscopic exams-take care of with anti-fungals

Helminths

Multicellular eukaryotic worms- gotten from being bitten or contaminated food/water-causes tissue and organ damage-diagnosed from fecal and blood exam- taken care of my de-worming and avoiding contaminated food/water

How are infectious agents spread

From touching or ingesting the agents

What is a host

An organism that provides a source of energy for a virus or another organism

What is an infectious agent

can be a bacteria, virus, parasite and fungus - any type of microorganisms that causes harm to the body

What is a reservoir

A place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host

What is a mode of transmission

how infectious microorganisms move to another location

What is a chain of infection

infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

What is a portal of exit

The method which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir

What is a portal of entry

sites through which pathogens enter the body

What is direct contact

requires close association between infected and susceptible host

What is indirect contact

Contact through touching something contaminated by the infected person such as a needle, dressing, or tissue

What is innate immunity

Nonspecific- defense we are born with

What is aquired immunity

the immunity that is gained over time (specific)

What is active immunity

the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

What is passive immunity

short term immunity using antibodies produced outside the body- gotten through inheritience

What is an antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

What are T-cells

a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.

What are B-cells

B-lymphocytes; they release antibodies into blood.

What are antibodies

Substances created in the body to attack specific foreign substances called antigens.

What is herd immunity

When a majority of a population are vaccinated against a disease. This means that even people who have not been vaccinated are less likely to get it because there are fewer people to catch it from.

What are the components of innate immunity(Non-specific)

Tears

nasal mucosa and cilia

digestive enzymes

Cilia

Phagocytes

Stomach acids

Normal flora

Secretions

What are the components of aquired immunity(specific)

Vaccines and battling of antigens

What is a virologist

Someone who studies viruses

What is etiology

study of the cause of disease

Flu etiology

Respiratory tract infections that spread easily

Athletes foot etiology

Fungal infection found in between toes

familial hypercholesterolemia etiology

An inherited condition that leads to high LDL

How do you write a scientific name

You put the Genus and then the species

How do you abbreviate scientific names

By shortening the Genus and keeping the species- H.Sapien

What does a microbiologist do

• understand microbes and their role across a broad range of clinical situations

• choose the right tests for the right patients

• choose the right antibiotics for the right patients

• infection prevention and control

• research and audit

How do you isolate bacteria

By swabbing on a petri dish with less and less of the bacteria present

Why do we isolate bacteria

It helps identify the bacteria present

What is aseptic technique

A procedure used by medical staff to prevent the spread of infection

What is gross examination

process of macroscopic examination

What is microscopic examination

Overall morphology, size, cell type

Presence of flagella or other specialized appendages

Spores

Use differential and special stains

Characteristic of bacteria colony

Color

Size

Form

Elevation

Margin

Cocci

sphere shaped bacteria- can be in 2,1, chain, tetrad, and staphylo

Bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria- can be in chains or singular

Spirilla

spiral shaped bacteria- only singular

What makes up bacteria cell wall

peptidoglycan

What is petidoglycan made of

Sugar and amino acids

Thickness of Pepti

Negative-Thin

Positive-Thick

Stained color

Negative-Pink

Positive-Purple/Blue

Outer membrane

Negative-Yes

Positive-No

lipopolysaccharides?

Negative-Yes

Positive-No

Effect of lipopolysaccharides?

They can be toxic

Steps of staining procedure

Step 1: FIXATION Heat fix the slide so that bacterial cells are fixed to the slide.

Step 2: PRIMARY STAIN Flood the slide with crystal violet dye. Let sit for 1 minute. Rinse with water

Step 3: IODINE TREATMENT Flood the slide with iodine. Let sit for 1 minute. Rinse with water

Step 4: DECOLORIZATION Decolorize the slide with alcohol. Rinse with Water

Step 5: COUNTER STAIN Flood the slide with Safranin dye. Let sit for 1 minute. Rinse with Water

Effect for Negative

Cell wall remains clear

The individual crystal violet ions penetrate the thin peptidoglycan layer of the cell as well as the plasma membrane.

The iodine ions penetrate the cell wall and bind with the crystal violet.The iodine ions and crystal violet react, forming a crystal violet-iodine complex that is a very large molecule and is insoluble in water.

The alcohol disrupts and dissolves the outer membrane. Therefore the big crystal violet-iodine is able to leave the cell.

Safranin penetrates the cell and stains the cell a reddish-pink color.

Effects for positive

Cell wall remains clear

The individual crystal violet ions penetrate the thick peptidoglycan layer of the cell as well as the plasma membrane.

The iodine ions penetrate the cell wall and bind with the crystal violet.