AP HUG UNIT 5 KEY TERMS QUIZ

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

Transition from hunting/gathering to settled agriculture, occurring around 10,000 years ago.

What characterized the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Mechanization and increased productivity during the 18th-19th century.

What is the Green Revolution?

The introduction of high-yield crops, GMOs, fertilizers, and irrigation in modern agriculture.

What is the difference between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture?

Subsistence agriculture is for local consumption, while commercial agriculture is for profit and large-scale sale.

Define intensive agriculture.

High labor or capital investment per unit of land.

What is shifting cultivation?

Slash-and-burn farming where land is abandoned when fertility declines.

What does pastoral nomadism involve?

Seasonal migration of livestock herders.

What is plantation agriculture?

Large-scale farming of cash crops in tropical climates.

What is mixed crop and livestock farming?

Integration of crops and animals, with crops feeding livestock.

Describe dairy farming.

Commercial production of milk and dairy products.

What does grain farming focus on?

Large-scale production of wheat, barley, or corn.

What is the focus of Mediterranean agriculture?

Farming in warm, dry climates, typically including olives, grapes, and citrus.

Define market gardening (truck farming).

Cultivation of perishable crops grown near urban markets.

What is aquaculture?

Farming of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.

What is the Von Thünen Model?

A theory explaining agricultural land use based on transportation costs.

What does the Township and Range System refer to?

A U.S. grid-based land division system.

Describe the Long-Lot System.

Narrow plots of land along rivers or roads, commonly used in French settlements.

What is metes and bounds system?

Irregular land divisions based on natural features.

What are the characteristics of dispersed rural settlement patterns?

Homes and farms spread out, typical in areas like the U.S. Midwest.

What are clustered rural settlement patterns?

Homes grouped together, common in European villages.

Describe linear settlements.

Settlements along roads or rivers, as seen in French Canada.

What is terrace farming?

Step-like fields on hillsides to reduce erosion.

What is irrigation?

Artificial application of water to crops.

What is crop rotation?

Alternating crops in a field to maintain soil health.

What does double cropping entail?

Growing two crops in the same field within one year.

Define no-till farming.

Avoiding soil disruption to prevent erosion.

What is organic farming?

Farming without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

What is conservation agriculture?

Sustainable land management techniques.

What is agribusiness?

Large-scale, corporate-controlled agriculture.

What are GMOs?

Genetically Modified Organisms engineered for better yield or resistance.

Define biotechnology in agriculture.

Genetic engineering and scientific advances applied to agriculture.

What are hybrid seeds?

Crossbred seeds that have desirable traits.

What does vertical integration mean in agriculture?

One company controlling multiple stages of food production.

What are feedlots (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations - CAFOs)?

High-density livestock farming.

What is a commodity chain?

The process of producing and distributing agricultural goods.

What is monoculture?

Large-scale cultivation of a single crop.

Define polyculture.

Growing multiple crops together for biodiversity.

What is suitcase farming?

Farming where owners do not live on the land and rely on migrant labor.

What is collective farming?

Government-controlled farming, often found in socialist economies.

What does fair trade agriculture aim to achieve?

Ethical sourcing of agricultural products while ensuring better wages for farmers.

What is a food desert?

Areas with limited access to nutritious food.

Define food security.

Having reliable access to sufficient, nutritious food.

What is food sovereignty?

The right of communities to control their own food systems.

What is carrying capacity?

The number of people an area can sustain based on available resources.

What does commodity dependency imply?

A country's economy relying heavily on one or a few agricultural products.

What is famine?

Extreme food shortages leading to hunger.

What is malnutrition?

A condition resulting from insufficient or unbalanced intake of nutrients, leading to health issues.