1A +1B Conditioning and social Cognitive Theory, Behaviorism

1\. Imagine you would like to train a dog to get the newspaper out of the mailbox. Which form of conditioning would you use and how would you do this?

positive reinforcement operant conditioning → most successful conditing

* pairing a positive behavior with positive reinforcement

what are the different ways to do operate conditions?

* positive reinforcement
* negative reinforcement
* positive punishment
* negative punishment

2\. What is the main difference between operant and Classical conditioning?

how does classical conditioning work?

organism associates a neutral stimulues(NS) with a conditioned response(CR)

3\. Why is the learning-performance distinction such an important concept in Social Cognitive Theory?

what is learning? And what are the criteria of learning?

“Learning is an **enduring change in behavior**, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience.”

^^criteria of learning:^^

* earning involves change


* learning endures over time
* learning occurs through experience

1\. How does human learning differ from animal learning?

human learning is more **complex, elaborate, raid** and involves more **languag**e

\

2\. What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism?

**Rationalism**: information is acquired with our 5 senses → true knowledge, or the knowledge of ideas, is innate and is brought into awareness through reflection

**Empiricism**: experience is the only source of knowledge and at birth, we are *tabula rasa* ( blank tablet)

Who are representative of rationalism and empiricism?

**Rationalism:**

* Plato
* Immanuel Kant

**Empiricism:**

* Aristotle

3\. How do we know that learning has taken place?

long term change in behavior

4\. How long should a memory or skill last to be considered as “learned”?

\

5\. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. What is the point Gestalt psychologists were trying to make here?

even though we can study small things like behavior and this can be very insightful, gestalt psychology emphasizes that the complexes of everything explains human cognition and behavior( therefore also taking into account, group dynamics, developmental, social factor)

6\. Why was the opening of the first psychological laboratory by Wundt so important for the field of psychology?

* was the cause for first **psychological journal**
* was the important step between the philosophical start of psychology and to real **scientific experimentation and instrumentation**

7\. Although his experiments were a bit questionable, Ebbinghaus was an important figure in the history of psychology. Why?

* he was **pioneer** of bringing **higher mental processes into experimental laboratory**
* helped validate and introduce systematic **experimental method** into psychology


* he did a lot of experiments about memory and learning
* possible **biased bad validity** because he only did experiments on himself

\

9\. Structuralists relied on the method of introspection. What is it and why is its use problematic?

it is when you verbally announce how you experience/perceive the external world without addressing cognitions.

* Problematic because :
* unreliable because you had to learn it and difficult to asses if that if you are doing it correctly

what is the main point functionalist propose?

* consciousness is a **continuous process** rather than a collection of discrete bits of information
* the purpose of **consciousness** as helping individuals **adapt to** their **environments**

10\. When and why should you conduct experimental studies?

Experimental: One or more variables are altered and effects on other variables are assessed

→ to find causale relationships: cause and effect

what are the different types of research paradigms?

11\. Why is the assessment of learning to some extent problematic?

* most of the time, we only look at the results of learning, like grades
* we neglect overall understanding problem just if we see a the right behavior it does not mean they did it for the right reasons

12\. In assessment, what is the problem with direct observations?

* subjective
* does not address cognition of the other person

what are the different methods of assssing learning?

1. What is the main difference between modern education and that of 100 years ago?

* nowadays learning teachers use more student-focused approaches


* the skills needed for learning are more → level of literacy; ability to think critically; ability to problem solve
* emphasis is now less about remembering and repeating and more about being able to applying knowledge

2\. How does trial-and-error learning work?

Learning by doing spontaneous behavior which results is a positive or negative event → this experience not remembered and does not give future insight to a similar problem

3\. We make a distinction between Behaviorism and behaviorism. Why?

* big B → traditional “old school” approach of behaviorism
* small b → modern approach of behaviorism takes into account internal processes are an important factor

4\. Why is the use of pre-existing knowledge so important in an educational setting and what is the link with constructivism?

* teachers know where they can teaching about new conepts → which topics need more time
* easier to rember when if you can sort new knowlege into pre-existing knowlh

5\. How good are you predicting your grades and what has this to do with “metacognition”?

**Metacognition:** refers to people’s abilities to predict their performances on various tasks

7\. Is lecture-based learning less good than inquiry-based learning? The authors argue that in general this is not a good question. Why?

* lecture-based and inquiry based learning address two different goals
* lecture based lecture→ understand information
* inquiry based lectures-> deepen understanding through experience and make facts and ideas manageable

8\. The role of formative assessment has become very important in modern education. Why?

formative assesment: assesment that is only made to help the teacher and studnent acknowlege on what knowlge level they are

* provied feedback for studnet + teachers
* guide modicfiation and refeinments to class/ study structure