AP HUG UNIT 5 KEY TERMS QUIZ

Neolithic Revolution (First Agricultural Revolution) – Transition from hunting/gathering to settled agriculture (~10,000 years ago). Second Agricultural Revolution – 18th-19th century mechanization and increased productivity. Third Agricultural Revolution – Modern agriculture, including the Green Revolution. Green Revolution – Introduction of high-yield crops, GMOs, fertilizers, and irrigation. Subsistence Agriculture – Farming for local consumption, not sale. Commercial Agriculture – Farming for profit and large-scale sale. Intensive Agriculture – High labor or capital investment per unit of land. Extensive Agriculture – Large land areas with low labor or capital per unit. Shifting Cultivation – Slash-and-burn farming; land is abandoned when fertility declines. Pastoral Nomadism – Seasonal migration of livestock herders. Plantation Agriculture – Large-scale farming of cash crops in tropical climates. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming – Integration of crops and animals, with crops often feeding livestock. Dairy Farming – Commercial milk and dairy production. Grain Farming – Large-scale wheat, barley, or corn production. Mediterranean Agriculture – Farming in warm, dry climates (olives, grapes, citrus). Market Gardening (Truck Farming) – Perishable crops grown near urban markets. Aquaculture (Aquafarming) – Farming of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants. Von Thünen Model – Theory explaining agricultural land use based on transportation costs. Township and Range System – U.S. grid-based land division. Long-Lot System – Narrow plots along rivers or roads, common in French settlements. Metes and Bounds System – Irregular land divisions based on natural features. Rural Settlement Patterns: Dispersed – Homes/farms spread out (U.S. Midwest). Clustered – Homes grouped together (European villages). Linear – Settlements along roads/rivers (French Canada). Terrace Farming – Step-like fields on hillsides to reduce erosion. Irrigation – Artificial water application for crops. Crop Rotation – Alternating crops to maintain soil health. Double Cropping – Growing two crops in the same field within one year. No-Till Farming – Avoiding soil disruption to prevent erosion. Organic Farming – Avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Conservation Agriculture – Sustainable land management techniques. Agribusiness – Large-scale corporate-controlled agriculture. GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) – Crops engineered for better yield or resistance. Biotechnology – Genetic engineering and scientific advances in agriculture. Hybrid Seeds – Crossbred seeds with desirable traits. Vertical Integration – One company controlling multiple stages of food production. Feedlots (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – CAFOs) – High-density livestock farming. Commodity Chain – The process of producing and distributing agricultural goods. Monoculture – The large-scale cultivation of a single crop. Polyculture – Growing multiple crops together for biodiversity. Suitcase Farming – Farming where owners do not live on the land, relying on migrant labor. Collective Farming – Government-controlled farming, often found in socialist economies. Fair Trade Agriculture – Ethical sourcing of agricultural products with better wages for farmers. Food Desert – Areas with limited access to nutritious food. Food Security – Having reliable access to sufficient, nutritious food. Food Sovereignty – The right of communities to control their own food systems. Carrying Capacity – The number of people an area can sustain based on resources. Commodity Dependency – A country’s economy relying heavily on one or a few agricultural products. Famine – Extreme food shortages leading to hunger.

• Malnutrition – A condition resulting from insufficient or unbalanced intake of nutrients, leading to health issues.