READING AND WRITING

Reading

is not an effortless task, it is a complex cognitive process

Texts as Connected Discourse

Textbooks
Newspaper
Articles
Recipes
Novels
Instructional Manuals

Texts achieve their purpose

inform
entertain
persuade
actuate

Coherence

composed of sentences connected ideas

Genre

Classifies texts based on external criteria such as activities which regularly occur in society

in form, style or subject matter

Text Type

Classifies texts based in linguistic forms and patterns

structure and function of a specific piece

brainstorming

PROCESS OF WRITING DOWN SPECIFIC TOPICS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

Alex Faickney Osborn (1953)

group or individual creative technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem

idea listing

listing down ideas about a particular topic

idea mapping

visual representation (web clustering)

Cubing

6 distint viewpoints

describe
compare
associate
analyze
apply
argue

Free Writing

continuous writing without inhibitions

Researching

Going to the library or checking out websites on the internet

Venn Diagram

Compare ideas and events

Compare and Contrast

Network Tree

Represent Hierarchy
Showing relationship

Spider map

Investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea

Problem Solution map

problem and how can it be solved

Chart

list of information

diagram

drawing that shows arrangement

flow chart

series of boxes and arrows to show step-by-step progression

Graph

Shows relationship between number of things

illustration

drawing of people, place, objects, or events

map

drawing part of earth

photo

printed images of people

realia

detailed photo of a historical object of a poster

table

arrangement of data in rows and columns

timeline

list of facts along line in the order in which they happend

outline

tool for organizing ideas

decimal outline

use of numbers as label

alpha numeric label

use of both letters and numbers as labels

coordination

requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the same way allows a writer to give equal weight to the two ideas that are being combined

Subordination

shows that the minor details have to be placed under their respective major details. enables a writer to emphasize one idea over the other.

Division

requires that no cluster should contain only one item. if you have subheading 1, there should be subheading 2

Parallel Construction

requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.

e.g. the words promotes and improves in the sample topic outline (both use the simple present tense)

Topic Outline

It is brief. It makes use of word, words, or phrases. Its parallel structure reveals the logic that you’ll follow in your paper. Used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.

Sentence Outline

It is specific rather than simply generalizing. It makes use of sentences and end punctuations. Complete sentences for its entries Used this outline when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires a lot of details