🦭chem basics

What is an ion?

A charged particle, due to the loss or gain of electrons.

an alkali is a type of ____

base

an alkali is a base that ____

is soluble in water

Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia are types of ____

bases

what is soluble and what isn’t?

NAGSAG PS Lead BaCa , Carbonates (not SPA) Hydroxides not (SPCA)

whats considered alkaline on the pH scale? 0 - 14

14

what is reduction?

gain of electrons OR loss of oxygen

what is a reducing agent?

a substance that takes oxygen / gives electrons by being oxidised

whats considered neutral on the pH scale? 0 - 14

7

what is redox?

the simultaneous reduction and oxidation that occurs during some chemical reactions

what is an oxidising agent?

a substance that gives oxygen / removes electrons by being reduced itself

what is oxidation?

loss of electrons OR gain of oxygen

what is galvanizing?

adding zinc as a sacrificial layer → zinc oxide protects the iron

what is the barrier method for rust?

puting something in the way (paint)

what two things does iron need to rust?

water and oxygen

a metal will displace a metal from it’s oxide if it’s ____

Lower in the series

A metal will also displace a metal from it’s salt if it’s ____

Lower in the reactivity series

Reacting masses shows the ____ yield

Theoretical

solubility

the maximum mass of a solute that dissolves in 100g of solvent (depends on temperature)

Cation

a positively charged ion

Anion

a negatively charged ion

Ionic bond

a strong electrostatic force of attractive between oppositely charged ions. It exists between a metal and a non-metal

Covalent Bonds

A shaired pair of electrons that exists between two non-metal atoms

titration

a practical method that allows you to determine the exact point of neutralization. It allows you to calculate the unknown concentration of a substance when the other concentration is known.

ionic compounds conduct only when:

molten / aqueous

ionic bonding forces of attraction

a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged electrons

covalent bond forces of attraction

strong attraction between a pair of shared electrons their nucleuses

how is covalent bond formed?

atoms sharing a pair of electrons

forces of attraction and structure of giant covalent bonds?

singular giant structure // held together by strong covalent bonds

allotrope

same element but different structure

Metallic bonding is:

the strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons

what is the atomic number?

number of protons in an atom

what is the mass number?

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

what are isotopes

atoms of the same element (same no. of protons) but with a different number of neutrons

Relative Atomic Mass

the average mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of carbon-12

paper chromatography helps to find the _____

composition of a mixture

how does a chromatography expirement work?

solvent will run up the paper, taking some or all of the dyes with it

What is a yield?

How much of a product you get from a chemical reaction