Chapter 1 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

Components of the Upper Airways

1. Nose

2. Oral Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

Primary Functions of the Upper Airways

1. Moves Air

2. Humidify / Warms Air

3. Filters Foreign Material

4. Speech and Smell

Functions of the the Larynx

1. Speech

2. Prevents Aspiration

3. Passage from Pharynx to Trachea

Which of the Laryngeal Cartilages are Single?

1. Cricoid Cartilage

2. Thyroid Cartilage

3. Epiglottis

Valsalva’s Maneuver

• Secondary Vital Function of the Larynx

• A Forced Exhalation Against a Closed Airway (Close Glottis and Push Air Out - “Bearing Down”)

• Slows Down HR

• Can Cause Vagus Response

Purpose of the Vocal Cords

1. Prevents Aspiration

2. Speech

What is the Primary Component of the Mucous Blanket?

Water (95%)

What Factors Can Affect the Sol Layer?

• Cigarettes

• Dehydration (Can be Caused by Cardiac, Burns)

• Hypoxia

• Anesthetic Gases

Where are Mast Cells Located?

1. Intra-Alveolar Septa

2. Lamina Propria

3. Sub-Mucosal Glands of the Tracheobronchial Tree

Accessory Muscles of Expiration

1. Rectus Abdominis

2. External Abdominis Oblique

3. Internal Abdominis Oblique

4. Transversus Abdominis

5. Internal Intercostal

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

1. Scalene

2. Sternocleidomastoid

3. Pectoralis Major

4. Trapezius

5. External Intercostal

Recommended Range for ETT Cuff Pressure

20 - 25 mmHg

Average Diameter of the Adult Trachea

1.5 - 2.5 cm

How Many Pulmonary Veins into the Left Atrium?

4

Primary Function of the Nose

1. Warm the Inspired Gas

2. Filter the Inspired Gas

3. Humidify the Inspired Gas

The Lymphatic Channels are Larger and More Numerous in What Location?

Left Lower Lobe

What is the Term for the Openings Created by the Alae Nasi and Septal Cartilage?

Nares

What is the Submucosal Layer of the Tracheobronchial Tree?

Lamina Propria

What Effect, if any, Would be Expected from the Topical Application of Phenylephrine on the Nasal Mucosa?

Vasoconstriction

In the Oral Cavity, What is the Term for the Space Between the Teeth and Lips?

Vestibule

What is the Name of the Structure that Secures the Tongue to the Floor of the Mouth?

Lingual Frenulum

How Many Ribs are Identified as ‘True Ribs?’

7

To What Structure is the Uvula Attached?

Soft Palate