Formative Assessment Chapter 10 Muscular System

This set of flashcards covers the definitions of key terms related to the muscular system, ways muscles are named, types of fascicle arrangements, and concepts regarding levers and muscle actions.

What is an agonist (prime mover)?

A muscle that is primarily responsible for generating a specific movement.

What is an antagonist in muscle actions?

A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist.

What is a synergist?

A muscle that assists the agonist in performing a movement.

What is a fixator?

A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the agonist and allows for effective movement.

What are the seven ways muscles can be named?

1. Location: e.g., temporalis 2. Size: e.g., gluteus maximus 3. Shape: e.g., deltoid 4. Direction of fibers: e.g., rectus abdominis 5. Number of origins: e.g., biceps brachii 6. Action: e.g., flexor carpi radialis 7. Origin and insertion: e.g., sternocleidomastoid.

What are the types of fascicle arrangements?

1. Parallel 2. Pennate 3. Convergent 4. Circular.

How does fascicle arrangement affect muscle action?

The arrangement influences the range of motion and force production; for example, pennate muscles generate more force due to their structure.

What is a lever in relation to muscle actions?

A rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force (effort) is applied.

Define fulcrum in muscle actions.

The pivot point around which the lever moves.

What is the effort in muscle actions?

The force applied to the lever to move the load.

Define load in relation to muscle actions.

The weight or resistance that the lever moves.

What is mechanical advantage?

A situation where the effort needed to lift a load is less than the load itself.

What is mechanical disadvantage?

A situation where the effort needed to lift a load is greater than the load.

What are the classes of levers?

1. First-class lever: Fulcrum between effort and load (e.g., seesaw). 2. Second-class lever: Load between fulcrum and effort (e.g., wheelbarrow). 3. Third-class lever: Effort between fulcrum and load (e.g., tweezers).