GEOL EXAM 2

What is the most violent volcanic eruption in the past 10,000 years rated on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?

b) VEI 7

About how many eruptions caused half of the human deaths due to volcanic eruptions over a 500-year period?

a) Four

What are volcanic hazards consisting of erupted material at the time of the eruption called?

b) Primary volcanic hazards

Hawaiian-style volcanic eruptions come from a central crater and Icelandic-style eruptions come from a fissure. What do both erupt?

b) Aa and pahoehoe basalt lava

What do Pelean, Plinian, Merapian, and catastrophic eruptions all involve?

b) Pyroclastic flows

What type of eruption is Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park an example of?

b) Fumarole of boiling water or other volcanogenic gas

What is thought to have caused the araneiform terrain on Mars?

b) Phreatic eruptions of some volcanogenic gas with entrained debris

What type of lava flows are thick, viscous, and high in silica content?

c) Rhyolite or andesite blocky lava flows

What type of pyroclasts do not start in a molten state?

a) Volcanic blocks

What volcanic hazard involves material erupted at the time or after an eruption?

a) Secondary volcanic hazards

What volcanic hazard involves lightning generated by the eruption but not in direct contact with the volcanic cone?

b) Indirect volcanic hazards

Which type of volcanogenic gas caused deaths in the eruption of Lake Nyos, Cameroon in 1986?

c) Carbon dioxide

What is the caldera produced by a prehistoric catastrophic volcanic eruption that surrounds a younger volcanic cone?

b) The Somma Rim

Which large stratovolcano could threaten two major metropolitan areas with lahars?

b) Mount Rainier

Which volcanic cone could cause a tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean?

c) La Palma

What type of volcano created the largest eruptions such as the Tambora eruption of 1815 and Mazama's eruption?

b) Stratovolcano

What is Wizard Island built up from?

b) A cinder cone

What geologic setting do Mount Mazama and Tambora, Indonesia, have in common?

b) Convergent plate boundary with at least one oceanic plate

Which geologic setting do Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone have in common?

c) Mantle plume

Which notable eruption involved lava from a fissure that caused the evacuation of a coastal fishing village?

b) Heimaey, Iceland (1973)

Which eruption caused the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century?

c) Mount Katmai, Alaska (1912)

Which notable eruption caused deaths due to lightning strikes and the shooting of evacuees?

c) Paracutin, Mexico (1943-1952)

Which 21st-century earthquake was predicted years in advance by the seismic gap method and had many casualties?

b) Haiti (2010)

Which meteor caused considerable damage to the city below the airburst?

b) Chelyabinsk

Which impactor mitigation technique has been successfully demonstrated?

b) Kinetic impactor

What did your instructor say about the greenhouse effect and global warming?

c) They are really happening

Which gas is produced by photosynthetic organisms?

b) Oxygen

Which gas transports energy from one point to another in Earth's atmosphere because of its high latent heat?

c) Water vapor

Which gas traps heat in Earth's atmosphere due to anthropogenic activity?

c) Carbon dioxide

What does monsoonal circulation produce?

a) Warm weather with high rainfall in the summer and cool, dry weather in the winter

What type of wind helped spread the recent fires in Los Angeles?

b) Katabatic winds

Which country closed its military base due to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991?

c) United States

Which eruption is now credited with creating the loudest noise in recorded history?

c) Tonga (2022)

What is responsible for gaps in the Main Asteroid Belt?

c) Jupiter

Where do long-period comets originate from?

a) The Oort Cloud

Where do short-period comets originate from?

b) The Kuiper Belt

Where do Trojan objects in Jupiter's orbit come from?

b) The Main Asteroid Belt

Which is true about Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) that can pose an impact threat?

b) They mostly originated in the Main Asteroid Belt

What are asteroids primarily composed of, and what are comets primarily composed of?

b) Asteroids: iron and silicate minerals; Comets: ices

Why does your instructor believe Ceres and Pluto do not deserve the designation of "dwarf planets"?

b) Because they have not cleared out their orbits of similar-sized objects