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GEOL EXAM 2
What is the most violent volcanic eruption in the past 10,000 years rated on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?
a) VEI 8
b) VEI 7
c) VEI 5
d) VEI 6
Answer: b) VEI 7
About how many eruptions caused half of the human deaths due to volcanic eruptions over a 500-year period?
a) Four
b) Five
c) Six
d) Three
Answer: a) Four
What are volcanic hazards consisting of erupted material at the time of the eruption called?
a) Secondary volcanic hazards
b) Primary volcanic hazards
c) Indirect volcanic hazards
d) Tertiary volcanic hazards
Answer: b) Primary volcanic hazards
Hawaiian-style volcanic eruptions come from a central crater and Icelandic-style eruptions come from a fissure. What do both erupt?
a) Pumice
b) Aa and pahoehoe basalt lava
c) Andesite lava
d) Pyroclastic material
Answer: b) Aa and pahoehoe basalt lava
What do Pelean, Plinian, Merapian, and catastrophic eruptions all involve?
a) Lava flows
b) Pyroclastic flows
c) Earthquakes
d) Geysers
Answer: b) Pyroclastic flows
What type of eruption is Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park an example of?
a) Lava eruption
b) Fumarole of boiling water or other volcanogenic gas
c) Plinian eruption
d) Merapian eruption
Answer: b) Fumarole of boiling water or other volcanogenic gas
What is thought to have caused the araneiform terrain on Mars?
a) Lava flows
b) Phreatic eruptions of some volcanogenic gas with entrained debris
c) Wind erosion
d) Meteor impact
Answer: b) Phreatic eruptions of some volcanogenic gas with entrained debris
What type of lava flows are thick, viscous, and high in silica content?
a) Basalt flows
b) Andesite flows
c) Rhyolite or andesite blocky lava flows
d) Pumice
Answer: c) Rhyolite or andesite blocky lava flows
What type of pyroclasts do not start in a molten state?
a) Volcanic blocks
b) Ash
c) Lapilli
d) Pumice
Answer: a) Volcanic blocks
What volcanic hazard involves material erupted at the time or after an eruption?
a) Secondary volcanic hazards
b) Primary volcanic hazards
c) Indirect volcanic hazards
d) Geological hazards
Answer: a) Secondary volcanic hazards
What volcanic hazard involves lightning generated by the eruption but not in direct contact with the volcanic cone?
a) Direct volcanic hazards
b) Indirect volcanic hazards
c) Primary volcanic hazards
d) Secondary volcanic hazards
Answer: b) Indirect volcanic hazards
Which type of volcanogenic gas caused deaths in the eruption of Lake Nyos, Cameroon in 1986?
a) Sulfur dioxide
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Nitrogen dioxide
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide
What is the caldera produced by a prehistoric catastrophic volcanic eruption that surrounds a younger volcanic cone?
a) A shield volcano
b) The Somma Rim
c) A composite volcano
d) A lava dome
Answer: b) The Somma Rim
Which large stratovolcano could threaten two major metropolitan areas with lahars?
a) Mount Fuji
b) Mount Rainier
c) Mount St. Helens
d) Mount Vesuvius
Answer: b) Mount Rainier
Which volcanic cone could cause a tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean?
a) Mount Fuji
b) Mount Etna
c) La Palma
d) Mount Tambora
Answer: c) La Palma
What type of volcano created the largest eruptions such as the Tambora eruption of 1815 and Mazama's eruption?
a) Shield volcano
b) Stratovolcano
c) Lava dome
d) Cinder cone
Answer: b) Stratovolcano
What is Wizard Island built up from?
a) Lava flows
b) A cinder cone
c) A stratovolcano
d) A lava dome
Answer: b) A cinder cone
What geologic setting do Mount Mazama and Tambora, Indonesia, have in common?
a) Divergent plate boundary
b) Convergent plate boundary with at least one oceanic plate
c) Mantle plume
d) Hot spot
Answer: b) Convergent plate boundary with at least one oceanic plate
Which geologic setting do Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone have in common?
a) Convergent plate boundary
b) Divergent plate boundary
c) Mantle plume
d) Subduction zone
Answer: c) Mantle plume
Which notable eruption involved lava from a fissure that caused the evacuation of a coastal fishing village?
a) Mount St. Helens
b) Heimaey, Iceland (1973)
c) Mount Etna
d) Mount Pinatubo
Answer: b) Heimaey, Iceland (1973)
Which eruption caused the largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century?
a) Mount St. Helens
b) Mount Pinatubo
c) Mount Katmai, Alaska (1912)
d) Mount Fuji
Answer: c) Mount Katmai, Alaska (1912)
Which notable eruption caused deaths due to lightning strikes and the shooting of evacuees?
a) Mount Etna
b) Mount Pinatubo
c) Paracutin, Mexico (1943-1952)
d) Mount St. Helens
Answer: c) Paracutin, Mexico (1943-1952)
Earthquakes and Meteor Impacts
Which 21st-century earthquake was predicted years in advance by the seismic gap method and had many casualties?
a) Myanmar/Thailand (2025)
b) Haiti (2010)
c) Nepal (2015)
d) Japan (2011)
Answer: a) Myanmar/Thailand (2025)
Which meteor caused considerable damage to the city below the airburst?
a) Tunguska
b) Chelyabinsk
c) Hiroshima
d) Chicxulub
Answer: b) Chelyabinsk
Which impactor mitigation technique has been successfully demonstrated?
a) Nuclear bomb
b) Kinetic impactor
c) Gravitational tractor
d) Solar sail
Answer: b) Kinetic impactor
What did your instructor say about the greenhouse effect and global warming?
a) They are theoretical
b) They are not real
c) They are really happening
d) They are exaggerated
Answer: c) They are really happening
Which gas is produced by photosynthetic organisms?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Oxygen
c) Nitrogen
d) Methane
Answer: b) Oxygen
Which gas transports energy from one point to another in Earth's atmosphere because of its high latent heat?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Methane
c) Water vapor
d) Nitrogen
Answer: c) Water vapor
Which gas traps heat in Earth's atmosphere due to anthropogenic activity?
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Argon
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide
What does monsoonal circulation produce?
a) Warm weather with high rainfall in the summer and cool, dry weather in the winter
b) Cool weather with dry summers
c) Hot weather with dry winters
d) Warm and dry weather year-round
Answer: a) Warm weather with high rainfall in the summer and cool, dry weather in the winter
What type of wind helped spread the recent fires in Los Angeles?
a) Trade winds
b) Katabatic winds
c) Westerlies
d) Cyclonic winds
Answer: b) Katabatic winds
Asteroids, Comets, and Planets
Which country closed its military base due to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991?
a) Russia
b) Japan
c) United States
d) China
Answer: c) United States
Which eruption is now credited with creating the loudest noise in recorded history?
a) Mount St. Helens
b) Krakatoa
c) Tonga (2022)
d) Mount Pinatubo
Answer: c) Tonga (2022)
What is responsible for gaps in the Main Asteroid Belt?
a) Earth's gravity
b) Saturn's gravity
c) Jupiter
d) Mars
Answer: c) Jupiter
Where do long-period comets originate from?
a) The Oort Cloud
b) The Kuiper Belt
c) The Main Asteroid Belt
d) The Sun
Answer: a) The Oort Cloud
Where do short-period comets originate from?
a) The Oort Cloud
b) The Kuiper Belt
c) The Main Asteroid Belt
d) The Sun
Answer: b) The Kuiper Belt
Where do Trojan objects in Jupiter's orbit come from?
a) The Oort Cloud
b) The Main Asteroid Belt
c) The Kuiper Belt
d) Saturn's rings
Answer: b) The Main Asteroid Belt
Which is true about Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) that can pose an impact threat?
a) They originated in the Oort Cloud
b) They mostly originated in the Main Asteroid Belt
c) They come from the Kuiper Belt
d) They were ejected by Jupiter
Answer: b) They mostly originated in the Main Asteroid Belt
What are asteroids primarily composed of, and what are comets primarily composed of?
a) Asteroids: ices; Comets: silicate minerals
b) Asteroids: iron and silicate minerals; Comets: ices
c) Asteroids: methane; Comets: nitrogen
d) Asteroids: gases; Comets: dust
Answer: b) Asteroids: iron and silicate minerals; Comets: ices
Why does your instructor believe Ceres and Pluto do not deserve the designation of "dwarf planets"?
a) Because they are too small
b) Because they have not cleared out their orbits of similar-sized objects
c) Because they don't orbit the Sun
d) Because they are made of ice
Answer: b) Because they have not cleared out their orbits of similar-sized objects