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Negative Feedback
when the response is in the opposite direction of the input
Positive Feedback
when the response is the same direction of as the input
Coriolis Effect
describes the apparent deflection of currents, or winds as they travel across the rotating Earth
Deflection
to alter from intended path
Sea Breeze
During the day; the localized wind blowing from the ocean to the land
Land Breeze
During the night; the localized wind blowing from the land to the ocean
Specific Heat Capacity
how much energy is needed to raise one gram of a substance one degree
Macronutrients
large molecules of life CHNOPS (sometime K)
Micronutrients
smaller molecules of life molybedum (Mo), iron (Fe, copper (Cu)
Summer Solstice
June 21 when the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and the solar maximum and direct sunlight reach the tropic of Cancer
Solar Noon
when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky
Currents
ocean circulation driven by the wind and density
Salinity
salt content of a body of water
Biologic Oxygen Demand
amount of dissolved oxygen needed to sustain organisms in a body of water
Ocean Acidification
reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
Nitrogen fixation
the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria
Ammonification
the breakdown of dead organic matter by bacteria creating NH4+ ammonium
Nitrification
the conversion of ammonia by bacteria into nitrites and nitrates
Assimilation
the incorporation and absorption of nitrogen compounds into plants
Denitrification
the conversion by bacteria of nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas
Brackish
water salinity between Saline and Fresh
Biomagnification
accumulation of certain chemicals in living organisms to a higher concentration
Bioaccumulation
the net accumulation of a contaminant in or on an organism from all sources including water, air, and diet
PCBs
group of human-made chemicals that were commonly used in building materials and electrical equipment before 1980 that are absorbed through fat ingestion
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen in waters
Gross vs Net Primary Productivity
Gross primary production (GPP) is the total rate at which material is produced and net primary production (NPP) is the rate at which material is accumulated minus respiration