Developmental Psychology Chapters 1-6 Study Set

Holy SHIT I am going to die why the hell do I have two midterms on one day

Universal-Context Specific Development Issue

The issue of whether there is one human development path or several human development paths.

Life-Cycle Forces

A force that shows difference in how one event can affect people of different ages.

Mesosystem

A system that connects different Microsystems, as usually what happens in one micro system will carry over to another micro system. EX: Fail a test, you're grouchy at school and you will likely be grouchy at home too due to this

Ecosystem

The system of social settings and happenings that happen around a person and affect development, such as changes in structure at school

Life-Span Perspective

The perspective that development is determined multiple different ways and can't be described and understood with just the view of a single framework

Correlational Study

A study of two different variables without testing them, researchers just look at the variables in their natural states

Ultrasound

A method of seeing into the womb or other organs using soundwaves

Amniocentesis

A procedure in which a needle is inserted through a pregnant woman's abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid around a fetus (which has skin cells in it) to determine the genotype of the fetus

Human Development

The study if how a human being develops and grows, or stays the same, over the span of their lifetime.

Nature-Nurture Issue

The issue of whether or not personal characteristics are inherited or caused by the environment.

Continuity-Discontinuity Issue

The issue of whether or not personal characteristics stay the same or progress smoothly along a line, or if they are a series of abrupt shifts over time.

Biological Forces

A force that includes health and genetics related factors in development.

Psychological Forces

A force that includes personality, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive factors in development.

Sociocultural Forces

A force that includes cultural, societal, ethnic, and interpersonal factors.

Biopsychosocial Framework

The interaction between biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces.

Neuroscience

The study of the human brain and nervous system, with an emphasis on brain and behavior relationships

Theory

An organized set of ideas

Psychodynamic Theories

Theories that state that human development is determined by how well they resolve conflicts they face in different stages as they grow older

Psychosocial Theory

A theory that states that the development of personality is determined by the interaction of internal maturation and external societal views and wants

Epigenetic Principle

A principle that states that each psychosocial strength has its own time where it is important

Behaviorism

A theory that states that consequences of a behavior (whether that be good or bad consequences) determine whether or not the behavior is repeated in the future.

Reinforcement

A consequence that makes it more likely for someone to repeat the behavior in the future

Punishment

A consequence that makes it less likely for someone to repeat the behavior in the future

Imitation or Observational Learning

A method of learning in which someone observed a behavior and then attempts to imitate it

Self-Efficacy

A person's view on their own talents and abilities. If someone believes they aren't talented artistically for example, they won't try to imitate Picasso

Information-Processing Theory

A theory that states that humans are kinda like computers, they have mental software and hardware

Ecological Theory

A theory that states that development in humans is directly linked to the environment they grew up in

Microsystem

The system of things in a person's close environment, usually the things closest to them emotionally

Exosystem

The system of social settings and happenings that happen around a person and affect development, such as changes in structure at school

Macrosystem

The system of micro, meso, and ecosystems that exist in different cultures and subcultures

Competence

A person's abilities

Environmental Press

Demands or pressures put onto a person that result from their environment

Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model

Three processes (optimization, selection, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that regulates and creates a person's development and aging

Life-Course Perspective

A perspective that describes the ways in which different generations experience psychological, biological, and sociocultural forces of development during different historical contexts

Systematic Observation

Observation in which you watch people and record what they do or say

Naturalistic Observation

Observing people in natural situations to see what their natural reaction or action would be in said situation

Structured Observations

An observation in which the researcher creates a situation or environment that is likely to bring out a characteristic of interest

Self-Reports

A method of gathering data from a subject in which the subject completes surveys about themselves

Reliability

How consistent the results of a study are

Validity

How accurate the results of a study are

Populations

A broad group of individuals. EX: All French 18 year olds

Sample

A subset of a population

Correlation Coefficient

A number on a scale from -1.0 to +1.0 that states whether or not the data shown has a negative correlation, a positive correlation, or no correlation

Experiment

A systematic way of testing a variable or multiple variables to see how said variable affects a behavior

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is changed throughout in order to see the changes in the dependent variable

Dependent Variable

The data that changes based off of the changes made to the independent variable

Qualitative Research

Research that aims to gather more in-depth information about a human behavior

Longitudinal Study

A study of the same subjects tested throughout their lives

Cross-Sectional Study

A study of different subjects of different ages at the same time

Cohort Effects

An effect that states that differences in age groups could be related to environmental factors rather than developmental differences

Sequential Design

A study design that combines both longitudinal study and cross-sectional study methods

Stem Cells

Cells that are created in the beginning of a person's development that are designed to take on any task required of them before they specialize

Chromosomes

Chemical structures that contain genetic material that is used to determine how a being is made

Autosomes

The first 22 out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human being

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of the organism

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

The chemical molecule that makes up a chromosome, which is the basis of heredity

Gene

The specific chemical instruction that is produced by chemical compounds within DNA

Genotype

An organism's complete set of genes

Phenotype

An organism's observable features that come from the combination of the organism's genes and the environment they live in

Alleles

Different variations of genes

Homozygous

The alleles in an organism that are the same

Heterozygous

The alleles in an organism that are different

Dominant

A genetic trait that takes precedence over a recessive trait

Recessive

A genetic trait that does not take precedence in the genetic determination

Polygenic Inheritance

The pattern of multiple genes working together to create different characteristics

Monozygotic Twins

Twins that are completely identical genetically. This results from a fertilized egg splitting in half

Dizygotic Twins

Twins that are fraternal and aren't identical genetically. This results from two different eggs getting fertilized by two different sperm at the same time

Niche-Picking

The tendency for humans to seek out environments that fit their personal traits/heredity

No shared Environmental Influences

The forces that make siblings within a family different

Prenatal Development

The development of a human from a fertilized egg to a newborn baby

Zygote

The very beginning of prenatal development, which is just a fertilized egg

Implantation

The placement of the zygote into the uterine wall, in which the zygote makes connections with the mom's blood cells

Germ Disc

A small cluster of cells in the center of the zygote

Placenta

A structure that forms that lets wastes and nutrients go back and forth between the mom and the developing baby

Embryo

The second stage of prenatal development that occurs after the zygote implants into the uterine wall

Amnion

The sack that the embryo lies in

Amniotic Fluid

A fluid within the amnion that cushions the developing baby and keeps the temperature at a constant temp

Umbilical Cord

The baby's way of getting nutrients and blood as it develops, through the blood vessels within that connect the embryo to the placenta

Period of the Fetus

A period in which essential life systems and organs finish developing

Age of Viability

The age at which a fetus can survive outside of the womb

Terratogen

Something that causes abnormal prenatal development

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

This occurs when the mother drinks alcohol during the pregnancy, the baby is born with alcohol dependencies and major birth defects

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A procedure in which a sample of tissue is obtained from a part of the placenta in order to determine the genotype of the fetus

Hypoxia

The disruption of the flow in oxygen and blood to an infant

Preterm (Premature)

A term for babies who are born before they are meant to be born (at the 38 week mark)

Low Birth Weight

Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams

Very Low Birth Weight

Infants who weigh less than 1,500 grams

Extremely Low Birth Weight

Infants who weigh les than 1,000 grams

Infant Mortality

Babies who die before their first birthday

In Vitro Fertilization

A method of having a child in which sperm and egg cells are mixed together in a pétri disk to fertilize the eggs. Once the eggs are fertilized, they get put back into the uterus in the hopes that one will implant into the uterine wall

Eugenics

The practice of only allowing certain people with "desirable" genes to mate and pass their genes along

Reflexes

Innate responses triggered by certain stimuli

Alert Inactivity

State in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment

Waking Activity

State in which a baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion

Crying

State in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement

Sleeping

State in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly; the eyes are closed throughout

Basic Cry

Cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired

Mad Cry

More intense version of a basic cry

Pain Cry

Cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping

REM Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity