Spain's Downfall after Age of Discovery
* S owned everything until
1. Napoleon took spain and colonies revolted
- caused independence, never colonized again (Peru, Chile, etc,)
2. USA monroe doctrine (couldnt stop LAC revolts), Span-Am War (USA took Philippines, Cuba, PR, Guam)
3. gold/silver extraction: didnt need to indiustrialize, now behind
* only remaining colony was Morocco
* during WW1, no army/navy, depended on feeding allies
Splits
Regional: Basques/Catalans/Galicians, cultural diff
Economics: north industry, south agriculture
agricultural people in the south made money seasonly
bankers, military, monarchy, clergy, and rich landowners
left = republicans/communists/workers
low wages, long hours, weak unions
right = nationalists/landlords/church/army/monarchy
Church funded by monarchy
military strong bc colonialism, but poor thought it weak bc lost colonies
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Spain's Downfall after Age of Discovery
* S owned everything until
1. Napoleon took spain and colonies revolted
- caused independence, never colonized again (Peru, Chile, etc,)
2. USA monroe doctrine (couldnt stop LAC revolts), Span-Am War (USA took Philippines, Cuba, PR, Guam)
3. gold/silver extraction: didnt need to indiustrialize, now behind
* only remaining colony was Morocco
* during WW1, no army/navy, depended on feeding allies
Splits
Regional: Basques/Catalans/Galicians, cultural diff
Economics: north industry, south agriculture
agricultural people in the south made money seasonly
bankers, military, monarchy, clergy, and rich landowners
left = republicans/communists/workers
low wages, long hours, weak unions
right = nationalists/landlords/church/army/monarchy
Church funded by monarchy
military strong bc colonialism, but poor thought it weak bc lost colonies
Moroccan Problems
trouble w/M, S conscripts. poor mad, revol- mad at church for dodging draft
Semana Tragica (1919): Army killed revolters
Battle of Anual: poorly trained S sent to M. 13K Spaniard troops lost to 3K Moroccan troops while King was vacationing in France
Masses blame King Alfonso XIII
fear of terrorism and commie rev caused Gen Miguel Primo de Rivera to lead coup
king left in const, monarchy
Rivera bankrupt, lost support
Timeline of pedulum swing
1. King- conservative
2. abdicates --> spanish rep (liberal)
3. lose election --> black 2 years (right)
4. miners strike put down --> popular front (left)
5. franco starts war --> franco wins (right in power)
Spanish Rep. Born
* 1931: ppl want elections. king abdicates
* Changes:
1. Separation bw Church & State
nobility not above law, dont control property or education
2. Freedom of Speech & Association
3. Women's Suffrage + Divorce
4. Nationalized land, banks, railways, public services
5. military officers retire BUT only 50% did. rest become more R-wing
they were bribed
6. Autonomous regions given own govs
Party Divisions: Republicans
LEFT/LIBERALS!!!!!!
communists
seen as “democracy”
band together (to keep majority) over hate of fascists and church
Party Divisions: Nationalists
* RIGHT/CONSERVATIVES!!!!!!
* fight to save cath spain from "commies"
* church against left bc they have church (anti clerical laws, burn churches)
* landowners/industry fear property confiscation/land reform
* military wants order
Why did Left lose election
spanish rep left loses 1933 election BC:
women's voting rights (bc some women were too liberal)
Casas Viejas incident (1933): L-wing gov (communists) kill anarchists, pop front left now split
right mad abt land confiscation, right sabotaged food, causes famine, blamed on left
right had $$$ to campaign
Black (fascists are reigning for) 2 years
Black Two Years
1933-6: RIGHT/CONSERVATIVE GOV
nationalized stuff sold back to rich <– because they’re fascist and ❤ private property
left military disappear
church gets education
Asturian Miners Strike (1934): Franco’s Moroccan army used to put down civillian strike (brutal)
Popular Front 1936
USSR's ComIntern gets L back in power
saw nazis won bc left was fractured so forms pop front in S (left doesnt run against each other)
manuel azaña lead REPUBLICANS/LEFT
peasants, loyal military, marxist workers, international brigades (USSR/Mexico)
international brigades: volunteers from countries
Cárdenas led the communists in Mexico (not outright communist but close ENUFF)
lack training
Francisco Franco
* crushes Asturian miners strike
* banished to canary islands when lefts wins in 1936
* plans coup: rogue GB MI6 fly him to Morocco, gets army his own Morroccan rebel army (same from Asturian Miners’ Strike) vs Left, Hitler flied him (+30k army) to Sevilla while right took 1/3 of Spain
can’t use Navy because controlled by Republicans
* SCW begins
International Inaction
world was also facing facism vs democracy and capitalists vs communists. SO:
Non-Intervention Agreement of 1936: F/GB/USSR/G/Ita
Can’t trust Ita, USSR, and G (they’re always switching it up 😜)
USA isolationist BUT US/GB secretly want Nationalist (Franco) to win (very anti commie/socialist)
GB let nationalists use Gibraltar + gave loans (didnt want GB Spanish assets nationalized)
came from the Treaty of Utrecht
wanted to stop all imports getting to communists
indirectly helping
Non-Intervention stopped official aid to R+made it illegal to volunteer for R (bc USSR aided left/republicans)
Fascist Support:
Germany:
16,000 men; 600 planes; 200 Tanks
flew Franco to Sevilla
Condor Legions took care of North S
Basque
wanted F to worry ab 2 front war+wants resources
Ita:
75,000 men; 660 planes; 900 tanks
Blockaded republican ports
Salazar's Portugal:
12,000 Troops
Fascist snuck in through Portugal
Republican's/LEFT International Brigades
USSR
2,500 men; 1,000 planes; 900 tanks
took S gold for planes/tanks to left
stalin busy killing trotskyists
Mexico:
Lazaro Cárdenas
$2m + war materials
only public support
International Brigades: 30k from around the world
under command of USSR
snuck in through F
Effects of Intervention
1. SCW considered "rehearsal" for WWII
2. USSR: Soviets lost respect from West commies bc of little help + gold theft
3. Fascists: gained military lessons (civillian bombing)
with love from Italy + Germany xx
4. GB/F: Appeasement in SCW caused Hitler aggression
5. USA: (After WWII) allied w/Franco vs USSR
famous US artists joined left: Orwell, Hemingway, Guthrie
Course of SCW
Franco lands in Sevilla and reach F border (cuts of Catalonia from Basque
condor legions bombs basque (guernica)
franco takes north, focuses on Catalonia
LEFT: madrid defends whole war
Aragon Offensive (close to barca): weakens left defense so Franco splits Catalonia
Battle of the Ebro: left attempt to unsplit Catalonia, failed bc morale drop after GB/F appeasement official with CzSl's Munich Agreement
Franco wins
Republicans lose
* 1939, Catalonia conquered
* GB/F recognized Franco
- republicans/left surrender, get executed or flee to France
* Why did they lose?
1) No Central command
2) Infighting
3) Insufficient arms
4) Poor fighting capability unlike Moroccan/Ita army
5) GB/FR/USA afraid to support communism & anti-clericalism
Effects of War:
* White Terror 1939: mass murder of left. 200k dead
- children "reeducated"; 10k sent to G conc camps
* Spanish economy destroyed with industry gone and debt to G/Ita
* Franco will remain in power until 1975
- no activism or autonomous regions
- everyone speak spanish
- secret police
- tortue/disappear dissenters