SL 8: Spanish Civil War

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Spain's Downfall after Age of Discovery

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* S owned everything until

1. Napoleon took spain and colonies revolted

- caused independence, never colonized again (Peru, Chile, etc,)

2. USA monroe doctrine (couldnt stop LAC revolts), Span-Am War (USA took Philippines, Cuba, PR, Guam)

3. gold/silver extraction: didnt need to indiustrialize, now behind

* only remaining colony was Morocco

* during WW1, no army/navy, depended on feeding allies

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Splits

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  • Regional: Basques/Catalans/Galicians, cultural diff

  • Economics: north industry, south agriculture

    • agricultural people in the south made money seasonly

      • bankers, military, monarchy, clergy, and rich landowners

  • left = republicans/communists/workers

    • low wages, long hours, weak unions

  • right = nationalists/landlords/church/army/monarchy

    • Church funded by monarchy

      • military strong bc colonialism, but poor thought it weak bc lost colonies

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18 Terms

1
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Spain's Downfall after Age of Discovery

* S owned everything until

1. Napoleon took spain and colonies revolted

- caused independence, never colonized again (Peru, Chile, etc,)

2. USA monroe doctrine (couldnt stop LAC revolts), Span-Am War (USA took Philippines, Cuba, PR, Guam)

3. gold/silver extraction: didnt need to indiustrialize, now behind

* only remaining colony was Morocco

* during WW1, no army/navy, depended on feeding allies

2
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Splits

  • Regional: Basques/Catalans/Galicians, cultural diff

  • Economics: north industry, south agriculture

    • agricultural people in the south made money seasonly

      • bankers, military, monarchy, clergy, and rich landowners

  • left = republicans/communists/workers

    • low wages, long hours, weak unions

  • right = nationalists/landlords/church/army/monarchy

    • Church funded by monarchy

      • military strong bc colonialism, but poor thought it weak bc lost colonies

3
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Moroccan Problems

  • trouble w/M, S conscripts. poor mad, revol- mad at church for dodging draft

  • Semana Tragica (1919): Army killed revolters

  • Battle of Anual: poorly trained S sent to M. 13K Spaniard troops lost to 3K Moroccan troops while King was vacationing in France

    • Masses blame King Alfonso XIII

  • fear of terrorism and commie rev caused Gen Miguel Primo de Rivera to lead coup

    • king left in const, monarchy

  • Rivera bankrupt, lost support

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Timeline of pedulum swing

1. King- conservative

2. abdicates --> spanish rep (liberal)

3. lose election --> black 2 years (right)

4. miners strike put down --> popular front (left)

5. franco starts war --> franco wins (right in power)

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Spanish Rep. Born

* 1931: ppl want elections. king abdicates

* Changes:

1. Separation bw Church & State

  • nobility not above law, dont control property or education

2. Freedom of Speech & Association

3. Women's Suffrage + Divorce

4. Nationalized land, banks, railways, public services

5. military officers retire BUT only 50% did. rest become more R-wing

  • they were bribed

6. Autonomous regions given own govs

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Party Divisions: Republicans

  • LEFT/LIBERALS!!!!!!

    • communists

  • seen as “democracy”

  • band together (to keep majority) over hate of fascists and church

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Party Divisions: Nationalists

* RIGHT/CONSERVATIVES!!!!!!

* fight to save cath spain from "commies"

* church against left bc they have church (anti clerical laws, burn churches)

* landowners/industry fear property confiscation/land reform

* military wants order

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Why did Left lose election

  • spanish rep left loses 1933 election BC:

    • women's voting rights (bc some women were too liberal)

    • Casas Viejas incident (1933): L-wing gov (communists) kill anarchists, pop front left now split

      • right mad abt land confiscation, right sabotaged food, causes famine, blamed on left

      • right had $$$ to campaign

      • Black (fascists are reigning for) 2 years

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Black Two Years

  • 1933-6: RIGHT/CONSERVATIVE GOV

  • nationalized stuff sold back to rich <– because they’re fascist and private property

  • left military disappear

  • church gets education

  • Asturian Miners Strike (1934): Franco’s Moroccan army used to put down civillian strike (brutal)

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Popular Front 1936

  • USSR's ComIntern gets L back in power

    • saw nazis won bc left was fractured so forms pop front in S (left doesnt run against each other)

  • manuel azaña lead REPUBLICANS/LEFT

    • peasants, loyal military, marxist workers, international brigades (USSR/Mexico)

      • international brigades: volunteers from countries

      • Cárdenas led the communists in Mexico (not outright communist but close ENUFF)

    • lack training

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Francisco Franco

* crushes Asturian miners strike

* banished to canary islands when lefts wins in 1936

* plans coup: rogue GB MI6 fly him to Morocco, gets army his own Morroccan rebel army (same from Asturian Miners’ Strike) vs Left, Hitler flied him (+30k army) to Sevilla while right took 1/3 of Spain

  • can’t use Navy because controlled by Republicans

* SCW begins

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International Inaction

  • world was also facing facism vs democracy and capitalists vs communists. SO:

    • Non-Intervention Agreement of 1936: F/GB/USSR/G/Ita

    • Can’t trust Ita, USSR, and G (they’re always switching it up 😜)

  • USA isolationist BUT US/GB secretly want Nationalist (Franco) to win (very anti commie/socialist)

    • GB let nationalists use Gibraltar + gave loans (didnt want GB Spanish assets nationalized)

    • came from the Treaty of Utrecht

      • wanted to stop all imports getting to communists

    • indirectly helping

  • Non-Intervention stopped official aid to R+made it illegal to volunteer for R (bc USSR aided left/republicans)

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Fascist Support:

  • Germany:

    • 16,000 men; 600 planes; 200 Tanks

  • flew Franco to Sevilla

    • Condor Legions took care of North S

      • Basque

    • wanted F to worry ab 2 front war+wants resources

  • Ita:

    • 75,000 men; 660 planes; 900 tanks

    • Blockaded republican ports

  • Salazar's Portugal:

    • 12,000 Troops

    • Fascist snuck in through Portugal

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Republican's/LEFT International Brigades

  • USSR

    • 2,500 men; 1,000 planes; 900 tanks

    • took S gold for planes/tanks to left

    • stalin busy killing trotskyists

  • Mexico:

    • Lazaro Cárdenas

      • $2m + war materials

      • only public support

  • International Brigades: 30k from around the world

    • under command of USSR

    • snuck in through F

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Effects of Intervention

1. SCW considered "rehearsal" for WWII

2. USSR: Soviets lost respect from West commies bc of little help + gold theft

3. Fascists: gained military lessons (civillian bombing)

  • with love from Italy + Germany xx

4. GB/F: Appeasement in SCW caused Hitler aggression

5. USA: (After WWII) allied w/Franco vs USSR

  • famous US artists joined left: Orwell, Hemingway, Guthrie

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Course of SCW

  • Franco lands in Sevilla and reach F border (cuts of Catalonia from Basque

    • condor legions bombs basque (guernica)

  • franco takes north, focuses on Catalonia

  • LEFT: madrid defends whole war

    • Aragon Offensive (close to barca): weakens left defense so Franco splits Catalonia

  • Battle of the Ebro: left attempt to unsplit Catalonia, failed bc morale drop after GB/F appeasement official with CzSl's Munich Agreement

  • Franco wins

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Republicans lose

* 1939, Catalonia conquered

* GB/F recognized Franco

- republicans/left surrender, get executed or flee to France

* Why did they lose?

1) No Central command

2) Infighting

3) Insufficient arms

4) Poor fighting capability unlike Moroccan/Ita army

5) GB/FR/USA afraid to support communism & anti-clericalism

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Effects of War:

* White Terror 1939: mass murder of left. 200k dead

- children "reeducated"; 10k sent to G conc camps

* Spanish economy destroyed with industry gone and debt to G/Ita

* Franco will remain in power until 1975

- no activism or autonomous regions

- everyone speak spanish

- secret police

- tortue/disappear dissenters