Biology SL: Evolution

Natural selection

Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits in the current environment leading to variation of a species

Overproduction of offspring

When the population of a species surpasses the carrying capacity of an environment

Variation

Arises from mutations in the genome, reshuffling of genes through sexual reproduction and migration between populations

Competition

When two species compete for the same limiting resource

Fitness

An organisms reproductive success that reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment

mutation

Change in the DNA of an organism, can be caused by high-energy sources such as radiation or by chemicals in the environment

speciation

A new species of an organism is created caused by environmental changes that occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

Rolls of Evolution

Natural selection, Overproduction of offspring, Variation Competition, Fitness, mutation, and speciation

Evolution

The change in the frequency of an inherited trait in a population over time.

The 4 Eukarya kingdoms

Plantea, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista

Characteristics of the 3 Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Plantea

Autotrophs, reproduce A sexually, Multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthesis, non-motile (Bryophyta, flowering plants, and Coniferophyta)

Animalia

Locomotion, lack a cell wall and plastids, heterotrophic, generally sexual reproduction, multicellular, and eukaryotic (Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles)

Fungi

eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile and heterotrophic organisms, reproduce via spores, lacks chlorophyll (mushrooms)

Protista

eukaryotic and unicellular organism, membrane-bound nucleus, move via cilia or flagella, they HAVE nuclear membranes around their DNA, both forms of reproduction, obtains food through ingestion/absorption/photosynthesis. (Amoebas)

Archaea

Only reproduce Asexually, no photosynthesis, live in extreme environments, ancient group, prokaryotes that can live in extreme environments, have histones

Bacteria

various roles of living things, diverse and important to life, no histones

Eukarya

 have histones that are proteins that DNA is wrapped around, “true” nucleus, divided by mitosis

How has bacteria developed antibiotic resistance

Bacteria developed antibiotic resistance through the plasmids, genetic exchange that allowed mutation and promoted offspring that lived longer, bacteria has conjugation that means when two bacteria get together they are able to transfer their plasmids (DNA) containing the allele for resistance, 

convergent evolution

when different organisms independently evolve similar traits, independent evolution

Divergent evolution

Divergent evolution represents the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure

Analogous Structure

Different ancestors however structures that hold the same function Equal selective pressure! Made those structures have a similar function (birds wing vs bat wing)

Homoloug Structure

Come from a common ancestor with similar structures but hold different functions (arms for swimming, flying, fighting)

Factors that reduce Variation

Inbreeding, genetic drift, restricted gene flow, and small population size

Factors that enhance variation

climate, diet, accidents, culture and lifestyle.