Urine sticks - macroscopic UA

pH of urine can be

acidic or alkaline

pH of urine depends on

diet

plant based diet makes urine more

alkaline, pH greater than 7

meat based diet makes urine more

acidic, pH less than 7

Acidic normal conditions

carnivores, nursing cats and horses, high protein, prolonged exercise

acidic normal conditions is due to

breaking down more protein

alkaline abnormal conditions

retention of urine due to bladder infxn, urinary blockage

alkaline abnormal condtions are due to

less protein

alkaline normal conditions

plant based or herbivore

glucose is normally

not found in urine

BG greater than 160 mg/dL

glucosuria

glucosuria is due to

glucose spilling into urine or increased BG

increased BG

diabetes mellitus

diabetes mellitus

pancreas not producing enough insulin, more glucose to body cells, insulin carries glucose out of blood into cells

signs of diabetes mellitus

PU/PD, weight loss

increased BG aka

hyperglycemia

ketones is byproduct of

fat metabolism

ketones can spill into urine with

excessive fat metabolism

increased ketones in blood

ketosis

signs of ketosis

change in pH, neurologic symptoms

increased ketones in urine

ketonuria

dairy cattle who have heavy lactation have

glucose going to milk

dairy cattle are more prone to

sweet breath

glucosuria can be caused by

diabetes mellitus, starvation, heavy lactation

proteinuria

protein in urine

trace amounts of protein is

normal

positive protein with positive blood can be due to

post renal issue, protein entering urine, trauma due to catheter, UTI, stones, cystitis, cancer

positive blood needs to be confirmed via

blood smear

presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin can cause

false positive blood

false positive of blood can be due to

IMHA, pre renal issue

positive protein, no blood pathological

kidney ds

positive protein no blood physiological

increased exercise, fever, nursing

positive protein with WBC

inflammation, infxn

blood in urine

hematuria

blood should be confirmed with

blood smear for intacts RBCs

ghost cells

lysed RBCs, contents spilled out

ghost cells can cause

false negative blood or false positive hemoglobin

hemoglobin in urine

hemoglobinuria

true hemoglobinuria

intravascular lysis of RBCs, IMHA

false hemoglobinuria

urine excessively dilute or alkaline, sitting too long

alkaline urine causes RBCs to

lyse, resulting in ghost cells

hemoglobinuria has plasma that is

pink

urine color of hemoglobinuria depends on

amount