AP Euro unit 6

Industrial Revolution

• Last quarter of the 18th century in Britain

• transformed class structures

  • working class, middle class

• turned light into day

• transformed speed of travel

• people migrated from countryside to cities

Why did Industrialization begin in Great Britain?

• Cottage industry

• Trade networks

• Enclosure movement

• Government promoted commercial and industrial developments

• Abundance of natural resources

  • Coal, Iron, rivers

How did Great Britain’s government/economic situation support Industrialization

• Levied heavy taxes

• stable government

• commercial profit growth

• credit policies

• entrepreneur investment

What social classes were invented following industrialization

• working class (proletariat)

• bourgeoisie

• middle class

New Developments in the Industrial Revolution

• mass production

  • assembly line (fordism/taylorism)

• Bessemer Process

  • steel production process

• electricity/oil as energy

• chemical

• use of alloys (mix of metals)

New inventions of the Industrial Revolution

• telegraph

  • morse code

• telephone

• radio

• steamship

• railroad

• airplane

New innovations of the Industrial Revolution

• refrigerated railcars

• ice boxes

• streetcars

• bicycles

Key Tenets of Liberalism

• constitutionalism

• proceduralism

• individualism

• sanctity of private property

• free market capitalism

• separation of church and state

• universalism

Liberalist ideas that conservatives suppressed the most

• individualism

• free market capitalism (esp. nobles and aristocrats)

• constitutionalism

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

• conservatives supported the traditional political and religious authority

• organized the states of Europe to preserve the balance of power

• suppressed nationalism and liberalism

  • goal was to preserve conservative ideology and maintain conservative order

Klemens von Metternich’s main ideas

• human nature was not perfectible

• traditional political and religious authority are critical

• conservative ideology will maintain order

• only powerful central governments would bring order to the states of Europe

Challenges to the Congress of Vienna

1820:

• Revolt in Sicily and Naples for constitutional monarchy

• Spain and Portugal: to end absolute monarchy

1825:

uprising in Russia to protest monarch; is deminished

1830:

liberals declare Belgian independence

Ideologies of change and reform movement

Marxism

Fascism

Liberalism

Conservatism

Anarchism

Marxism

• critiques capitalism

• advocates for a classless society

• communally owned means of production

• rooted in historical materialism.

Fascism

• Authoritarianism

• State over individual

Conservatism

• political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions

• believed that humans are inherently flawed and untrustworthy

• turned to monarchy, aristocracy, religion

Anarchism

• advocated for a society based on voluntary cooperation

• communal ownership

• individual autonomy

• abolition of centralized government

Radical Challenges during Industrialization

• Socialism and Marxism

  • believed cooperation was necessary in society

  • sought equality of social conditions

  • Marx believed that history was characterized by class struggle in which ruling class used government power to oppress workers

  • envisioned proletarian revolution which would overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society

The Krupp Family

• began manufacturing weapons starting in 1600s

• by the second industrial revolution, they had perfected the process of steel production

• by 1870s, states from all over Europe were buying weapons from Krupp Industries

• dominated the steel industry for a century

Manchester, England

• where first industrial park was created:

  • designated area specifically built for manufacturing

• specialized in making machines that produced other machines

• city built for industry

  • standard of living and wealth rose exponentially

Technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution

• electricity

• chemical engineering

• railroads dominated

• internal combustion engine grew in dominance

The Long Depression

• late 19th century, US/Western Europe

• scarcity of money

  • caused by wars, increasing amounts of money demanded by consumers

  • banks refused to loan money to investors who wanted to build factories

    • increasing unemployment and global crisis

Corporate solutions to the Long Depression

attempted to create monopolies in their industry

• by buying out all other companies, the main company could raise prices as needed

Factory Act of 1833

• mandated that a child under the age of 9 could not work legally in a factory

  • made people aware that children should be protected from harsh life of a factory

Ten Hours Act

• Issued by reform-minded parliament

• restricted total numbers of work hours to ten for children aged 13-18

• banned children under 13 from working

Edmund Burke

• prominent conservative

• authority and hierarchy was a part of the natural order of the universe and if these are in place, people would flourish

• people weren’t capable of governing themselves

• society should be ordered under a small group of elites

Joseph de Maistre

• prominent conservative

• began as a supporter of the French Revolution until it devolved into violence

• true political authority must be rooted in religious and moral principles

• argued for return to monarchy after the revolution

The Congress System / The Concert of Europe

• a period of about 50 years in which Europe existed in the image of prominent conservatives, and in general, there was peace

• conceived and driven by Klemens von Metternich

• widely maintained peace in Europe until revolutions of 1848

Goals of the Congress System / Concert of Europe

• aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe by installing legitimate rulers on the various thrones of Europe

  • “legitimate” meaning old conservative rulers

• took pains to make sure that European states upheld the rights and prerogatives of the landed aristocracy

• argued for the need for organized religion as the defense of stable states

Carlsbad Decree

Worked to suppress liberal and national movements in German state

• Outlawed nationalist organizations

• forcibly dissolved radical student organizations

• Removed liberal college professors from their posts

Greek war of Independence

• 1821

• previously ruled by the Ottomans in first part of 19th century

• greek rationalists engaged in a series of rebellions in order to gain their independence

• Britain, France, and Russia allied with the Greeks in order to defeat the Ottomans

• Greece won independence in 1832

Nationalism

a desire by a group of people to have their own nation defined by their own language and shared cultural and historical heritage

Decembrist Revolt

• Russia, 1825: Tsar Nicolas rose to power

  • Inherited throne from his brother, Alexander I who had grown increasingly conservative

• Decembrists:

  • group of russian officers who were influenced by liberal ideals

  • attempted a coup

• Nicolas’ forces proved superior and the revolt was quickly diminished

July Revolution

• france, ruled under Charles X

  • extremely conservative monarch

  • wanted to bring france back to its pre-french revolution structures

• in July of 1830, he stripped much of the middle class of their rights

  • middle class liberals and working class people flooded capital streets and staged an insurrection

  • violence and riots in streets for 3 days

  • Charles X fled, abdicating his throne