period 7

Spanish-American War

War between U.S. & Spain over Cuba; led to U.S. gaining Philippines, Guam, & Puerto Rico.

USS Maine Explosion

U.S. ship exploded in Havana; blamed on Spain, leading to the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

Gave U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

Philippine-American War

Filipino resistance to U.S. rule; led by Emilio Aguinaldo from 1899 to 1902.

Open Door Policy

Ensured equal trade access in China; proposed by John Hay between 1899 and 1900.

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese nationalists revolted against foreign influence; suppressed by international forces in 1900.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. could intervene in Latin America if a country was economically unstable.

Panama Canal

U.S. built a crucial trade/military route after helping Panama gain independence between 1904 and 1914.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, e.g., Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.

Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act

Passed due to The Jungle in 1906; led to the establishment of the FDA.

Trust-Busting

Teddy Roosevelt & Taft broke up monopolies, e.g., Standard Oil and Northern Securities.

Secret Ballot, Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Political reforms increasing voter power.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

18th Amendment

Prohibited alcohol (Prohibition) in 1919; later repealed by the 21st Amendment.

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany encouraged Mexico to attack the U.S. in 1917.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany sank U.S. ships, leading to U.S. entry into WWI in 1917.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Vision for post-war peace; included the League of Nations & self-determination.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI in 1919; U.S. rejected it due to Article 10 (League of Nations).

Schneck v. U.S.

Supreme Court ruled that free speech could be limited during wartime in 1919.

Harlem Renaissance

A Black cultural movement encompassing jazz, literature, and activism.

Scopes Monkey Trial

Clash between science (evolution) and religion (creationism) in 1925.

Immigration Acts

Set strict quotas favoring Northern & Western Europeans in 1921 and 1924.

KKK Resurgence

Targeted African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, & Jews during the 1920s.

Mass Consumption & Conspicuous Consumption

Rise of advertising, credit, radios, & automobiles in the 1920s.

Stock Market Crash

Start of the Great Depression due to speculation & overproduction in 1929.

Hoover’s Response

Believed in limited government intervention during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans demanded early pensions; forcibly removed from Washington in 1932.

New Deal

FDR’s Relief, Recovery, and Reform programs to fix the economy (1933-1939).

Social Security Act

Provided pensions for the elderly & unemployed in 1935.

Court-Packing Plan

FDR’s failed attempt to add more Supreme Court justices in 1937.

Lend-Lease Act

Allowed U.S. to supply weapons to Allies before joining WWII in 1941.

Pearl Harbor Attack

Led to U.S. entering WWII on Dec 7, 1941.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France in 1944.

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

U.S. dropped atomic bombs in 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender.

Internment of Japanese Americans

Forced relocation of Japanese Americans during WWII under Executive Order 9066 in 1942.