GCSE History: Superpower Relations and the Cold War - Chapter 1

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What is an ideology?

A shared set of beliefs

What is capitalism?

The belief that everyone should be free to own property and businesses and make money

What is communism?

The belief that all property, including homes and businesses, should belong to the state, to ensure that every member of society has a fair share

Whose writings were communism based on?

Karl Marx

Which 3 world leaders were often referred to as the 'Big 3'?

Josef Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill

What were the differences between Britain/USA's and the Soviet Union's politics?

USSR- single party rule, Britain/USA- Free elections with a choice of parties

What were the differences between Britain/USA's and the Soviet Union's social structure

USSR- classless society, everyone is equal, Britain/ USA- Some people had more power than others

What were the differences between Britain/USA's and the Soviet Union's economies?

USSR- all property owned by the state, not individuals, USA/ Britain- private ownership and a competitive workplace

What were the differences between Britain/USA's and the Soviet Union's rights?

USSR- rights of all workers more important than individual rights, USA/ Britain- individual freedoms valued, but limited by majority opinion

What is FDR's DOB and DOD?

DOB- 30th Jan 1882, DOD- April 12th 1945

What is Churchill's DOB and DOD?

DOB- 30th November 1874, DOD- 24th Jan 1965

What was Stalin's DOB and DOD

DOB- 18th December 1878, DOD- 5th March 1953

In which years was FDR POTUS

1933-1945

In which years was Churchill PM

1940-45 and 1951-55

What event fueled FDR's desire for Soviet support in 1941?

Pearl Harbor bombings

What is a democracy?

A political system in which a nation's leaders are chosen in free elections

What is a satellite state?

A nation that was once independent but is now under the control of another

When was the Tehran Conference?

November 1943

What was the purpose of the Tehran Conference

To plan a winning strategy to end the war

What agreements were made in Tehran

1) USA and Britain would launch a second front by launching an attack on Germany in order to ease the pressure on USSR in the Eastern front
2) Stalin would declare war against Japan and supply troops to help the USA
3) Big 3 agreed in principle that they should try to make Germany unconditionally surrender
4) Poland would receive land from Germany but USSR would keep their Polish land
5) There was a general agreement that there should be an international body to settle disputes through discussion and negotiation- laid foundations for UN

What is colonialism?

Economic, political and cultural control of another country

What are reparations?

Compensation for the loss of life and damage to land and the economy after a war in the form of payment in money or goods from the losing country to the victors

What impact did the Tehran Conference have on international relations?

It grew tension between USA and UK as Churchill wanted a second front in the Balkans but FDR wanted it in Western Europe (France) like Stalin

When was the Yalta Conference?

February 1945

What agreements were made at the Yalta Conference?

1) Agreed to split Germany into 4 zones for the USA, USSR, UK and France to control
2) Germany would pay 20 billions in reparation- half go to USSR. Nazi Party would be banned and war criminals prosecuted
3) UN would be set up (open for all nations) and its first meeting on April 25th 1945. Stalin wanted all 16 Soviet republics to have individual membership but only Ukraine, Russia and Belarus were admitted
4) Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan
5) Stalin agreed that the governments of countries in Eastern Europe should be decided by free elections
6) Borders of the Poland would be restored to their original positions of 1921 and there would be free elections

When was the first meeting for the UN

April 25th 1945

What was the stumbling block of the Yalta conference?

Stalin decided there would be free elections in Poland but Stalin expected the elections to vote in a pro-communist government however, the British supported the non-communist London Poles

Who were the London Poles?

A group of politicians who left Poland after the German invasion in 1939 and formed a government-in-exile, first in Paris and then in London

When was the Potsdam Conference?

July-August 1945

Who was the new Labour Prime Minister in the Potsdam Conferences?

Clement Atlee

Which members of the Big 3 had changed at the Potsdam conference?

Franklin (died) and Churchill (lost election) were no longer leaders

What was the Treaty of San Francisco

It was the creation of the United Nations and 51 members signed the Treaty.

Who were the permanent members of the UN Security Council?

USA, USSR, France, Britain and China

What does USSR stand for?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Why did Atlee delay the Potsdam Conference

He wanted to wait until the Atomic bomb was developed as he thought it would give him an edge on discussions

When did Germany surrender?

May 7, 1945

When did the USA drop atomic bombs on Japan?

August 1945 (6th Hiroshima, 9th Nagasaki)

What agreements were made at Potsdam?

1) Germany would be split into 4 but its economy run as a whole
2) Berlin would be split into 4

Who was the successor to FDR?

Harry S. Truman

How many civilians were killed by the two atomic bombs?

120,000

When did USSR first successfully test their atomic bomb

29th August 1949

By 1964 which countries had their own atomic bomb

Britain, France, China, USA, USSR

What was the name of America's ambassador in Moscow in 1946

George Kennan

What did George Kennan's Long telegram (February 1946) say about the USSR

1) Stalin wanted to see the destruction of capitalism
2) Stalin felt the world outside the USSR was hostile and looking to destroy communism
3) USSR wasn't suicidal and if faced with strong resistance they'd back down

What was the name of the USSR's ambassador in Washington in 1946

Nikolai Novikov

What did George Kennan's Novikov (September 1946) telegram say about the USSR

1) USA wanted to use their military power to dominate the world
2) America no longer wanted to cooperate with USSR since FDR's death
3) Americans would support their government if this led to war

Where and when was Churchill's Iron Curtain speech given

Fulton, Missouri- March 1946

What did Churchill say in his Iron Curtain Speech

Called USSR a threat to freedom and world peace.

What year was Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia (the 3 baltic states) invaded

1940

What year did the Polish stage the Warsaw Uprising against the Germans?

1944

Who led the coalition government that tried to restore the pre-war democracy (1919-1938) in Czechoslovakia

Benes

When was a new pro-communist government set up in Czechoslovakia?

February 1948

Between what years did USSR take over Bulgaria, Romania and Eastern parts of Germany

1944 and 1945

What year did Britain announce it could no longer give military support to the Greek government against Communist guerillas?

1947

What date did Truman give a speech announcing he was going to provide 400 million dollars in aid to Greek and Turkey as well as civilian and military support

12th March 1947

What did the Truman Doctrine state?

He talked about how each country must choose democracy or capitalism. He said that choosing democracy over capitalism was like good over evil. US would send troops and military aid to any country threatened by communism.

What is isolationism?

Staying apart, not getting involved in the affairs over others

What is containment

Preventing the spread of communism outside a small number of countries

Who was the Marshall Plan named after?

US Secretary of State, George Marshall

What was the aim of the Marshall Plan in June 1947?

To provide economic aid to help war-torn countries in order to stop communism from taking over Western Europe

Between 1948 and 1952 how much economic aid did the USA give?

12.7 billion

What did the did the British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin, say about the economic aid from the Marshall Plan

He called it a "Lifeline to sinking men, giving hope were there was none"

Why did Eastern European countries not benefit from the Marshall Plan?

USA said that they'll only give aid if they had a thorough review of their finances- Stalin did not agree to this

What is dollar store imperialism

The Soviet belief that the Marshall Plan was America's way of using economic might to divide Europe into two and establish an American economic empire in Europe

What impact did the Marshall Plan have on international relations?

1) Stalin's suspicions of West were reinforced
2) USA was now directly opposing the USSR
3) Europe split into two economic and political camps

When was Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) set up?

22nd September 1947

Who were the 9 members of Cominform

The Communist parties of, USSR, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, Italy

In which city was the headquarters of Cominform established

Belgrade, Yugoslavia

What did the establishment of Cominform lead to ?

Gave Stalin a way of directing and controlling the governments of satellite states. Satellite states were discouraged from trading with non-cominform countries

Why would Stalin not allow satellite states to accept Marshall aid?

He wanted them to keep their independence from capitalist states

What was the purpose of Comecon

To provide aid in line with communist principles

When was NATO set up

April 1949

What was the name for the central area of the 4 German zones called

ACC (Allied Control Commission)

What year did the British and USA form Bizonia

1947

What date did France USA and Britain combine their zones in Germany to become Trizonia

March 1948

When was Comecon established?

25 January 1949

When was the Deutschmark introduced in Trizonia?

June 1948

Why was the Deutschmark introduced?

Acknowledgment that there were basically two Germanys- East and West, separate economic unit to the East

When did Stalin decide to shut off land routes across Soviet-controlled Germany into Berlin

June 1948

What was the point of Stalin's blockade

He wanted to show that a divided Germany would not work

What is the other name for the Berlin Airlift

Operation Vittles

When did the USSR give up the blockade

9th May 1949

Where did the people of Berlin/ Western troops build a new runway and build a new airport entirely

Built a runway at Berlin-Tempelhof, built new airport called Berlin-Tegel

Who was the first democratically elected chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany

Konrad Adenauer

What date was the Federal Republic of Germany founded

23rd May 1949

What date were Germans allowed to vote for their own government

14th August 1949

When was Konrad Adenauer elected?

15th August 1949

What is Bundastag

German parliament

What was the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany

Bonn

When did Stalin create the German Democratic Republic?

October 1949

What does NATO stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

How many original members of NATO were there?

12

When was the Warsaw Pact formed?

May 1955

What year did the Soviets make their own atomic bomb

1949

What year did USA make the hydrogen bomb

1952

How many times more powerful is a hydrogen bomb than an atomic one

1000

What year did USSR make a hydrogen bomb?

1953

What year did USA and USSR make ICBM

1957

How far could the first ICBMs hit

4500 kilometres

What is a deterrent?

A force that stops something from happening