Required Court Cases Chap. 14

What was the main issue in Schenck v. United States (1919)?

Whether the Espionage Act violated the First Amendment rights of free speech.

What was the Supreme Court's holding in Schenck v. United States?

The Court held that the Espionage Act did not violate the First Amendment and was an appropriate wartime exercise of Congress' authority.

What constitutional clause was at the center of Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)?

The free exercise clause of the First Amendment.

What did the Supreme Court rule in Wisconsin v. Yoder?

The requirement to send children to school beyond the eighth grade was unconstitutional, as it violated parents' rights to freely exercise their religion.

What was the issue in Engel v. Vitale (1962)?

Whether a voluntary, non-denominational prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Engel v. Vitale?

The Court ruled that states cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if voluntary and non-denominational, as it infringes upon the Establishment Clause.

What was the main constitutional question in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District?

Whether prohibiting students from wearing armbands as a form of symbolic protest violated their freedom of speech under the First Amendment.

What did the Supreme Court decide in Tinker v. Des Moines?

The Court held that students do not shed their free speech rights at school, and their right to symbolic speech outweighed potential school disruptions.

What was the issue at stake in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)?

Whether the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment applies to felony defendants in state courts.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in Gideon v. Wainwright?

The Court held that the right to counsel applies to state court defendants through the Fourteenth Amendment.

What was the central issue in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

Whether racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

The Court held that 'separate but equal' is inherently unequal, thus making racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

What principle allows the Supreme Court to reverse previous rulings?

Judicial review.

What does 'stare decisis' refer to?

The principle that current courts should follow previous decisions for interpretation.

How did the Court handle the enforcement of desegregation in Brown v. Board of Education?

The Court required states to desegregate 'with all deliberate speed' and issued further opinions for immediate desegregation when compliance was slow.