COB 204 - Test 2

Chapters 5-7

database

collection of integrated records

database management system (DBMS)

•  a software program used to create, process, and administer a database

  • Create: tables, relationships, metadata, etc.

  • Process: read, insert, modify, and delete data

  • Administer: user control, security backup, performance

Structured Query Language (SQL)

•  the international standard language for processing a database

  • Used to store, retrieve, and manipulate data

Primary Key

columns that uniquely identifies each row → always required

Foreign Keys

column that relates to another table’s PK → requirement depends on relationship

Data models

logical representations that describe the data and relationships that will be stored in a database

Database design

the process of converting a data model into database tables with relationships using primary/foreign keys

Entity-relationship data models

• used by database designers to define entities and their relationships to each other

  • Visually represented by an entity-relationship diagram (ERD)

One-to-One relationship

People affiliated with JMU and their JACard

One-to-Many relationship

Students currently taking COB 204 and faculty currently teaching COB 204

Many-to-Many relationship

Students and classes

Normalization

the process of improving the structure of database tables to avoid data integrity problems

Bridge tables

used in databases to represent N:M relationships

SQL query

• used to ask questions and retrieve information from a database

  • Finding info online

  • Checking bank balance

Cloud computing

 the elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet

Elasticity

allows leased computing resources to be increased or decreased dynamically in a short span of time, allowing organizations to only pay for resources that are actually used

content delivery network

• a specialized PaaS that stores stable data in many geographical locations to store and deliver content on demand

• Benefits:

  • Decreased load times/latency

  • Reduced load on the origin driver

  • Increased reliability

  • Protection from cyber attacks

  • Pay-as-you-go 

Virtual private network

creates the appearance of secure connection called a tunnel which is a virtual, private pathway over a public or shared network

Private clouds

owned and operated by an organization for its own benefit and located within an organization’s private computing infrastructure

Hybrid clouds

combines both public and private cloud environments

computer network

a collection of computers that communicate with one another over wired or wireless connections

How Does the Internet Work?

Step #1 → ASSEMBLY

Step #2 → IDENTIFY THE RECEIVER

Step #3 → FIND THE ADDRESS

Step #4 → ADDRESS THE PACKAGE

Step #5 → ASSIGN TRACKING

Step #6 → SEND THE PACKAGE

Step #1 → ASSEMBLY

Navigate the internet: data is loaded into packets, or formatted messages that pass through networks

Step #2 → IDENTIFY THE RECEIVER

Navigating the internet: identify the website you want to visit by a domain name, or a worldwide-unique name affiliated with a public IP address

Step #3 → FIND THE ADDRESS

• Web browsers use domain name system servers to look up a site’s public IP address, which identifies a particular device on the public internet

  • DNS is a worldwide directory managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Step #4 → ADDRESS THE PACKAGE

Packets are labeled according to the IP protocol, including IP addresses for the sender and receiver

Step #5 → ASSIGN TRACKING

• Transmission control protocol (TCP) guarantees the reliable delivery of packets

  • Requires receiver to send acknowledgement upon packer receipt

  • If no response within a specific time, packets are resent for a predetermined number of tries

Step #6 → SEND THE PACKAGE

• Packets are sent to the nearest router, or device that manage network connections

Routers decide the path to send packets, which move through various hops between networks

Cooperation

a group of people working together, all doing the same type of work to accomplish a job

Collaboration

• a group of people working together to achieve a common goal via a process of feedback and iteration

  • Group members bring unique expertise or perspectives

  • Superior quality vs working alone

groupthink

desire for cohesion leads to poor decisions

Version control

limits user role

Version management

tracks changes/histories and allows concurrent work

Purpose of Collaboration

Become informed

Make decisions

Solve problems

Manage projects

Become informed

Share data, communicate perspectives, and develop common understanding

Make decisions

1. Operational → day-to-day activities

2. Managerial → allocation of resources

3. Strategic → broad-scope, organizational issues

4. Structured → understood or accepted method for decision making

5. Unstructured→ no agreed upon decision making method

Solve problems

A problem is perceived difference between what is and what ought to be

Manage projects

1. Starting/initiation 

2. Planning

3. Execution/ monitoring

4. Closure

Primary key

column that identifies a unique row

 required for every SQL query

SELECT AND FROM

managerial

Decisions concern the allocation of resources

IaaS

the most basic cloud offering

SELECT

 the first required element of a query

OPERATIONAL

supports day-to-day activities

Entities have ___ that describe the characteristics of the entity

attributes

information silo

When condition exists when data are isolated

A PACKET

a formatted message containing data that passes through networks

enterprise resource planning

Includes a database, applications, and processes

Tunnel

The connection between a VPN client and a VPN server

database

keeps track of various data that involves multiple themes

business process reengineering

Is altering and designing business process to utilize new information system

TCP/IP

Internet communications are arranged according to a protocol

Workgroup

fulfils the purpose and goals of a particular unit, group or department

Enterprise

 spans an organization or supports the activities of many departments in large organizations

Inter-Enterprise

 connects multiple independent organizations with related business interest

Customer Relationship Management

supports customer-centric organizations throughout the customer life cycle

Enterprise Resource Planning

suite of applications, a database, and inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent computing platform