Level 1 Geography, ENE

primary waves

straight from focus to epicentre, fastest waves , move through solid and liquid, longitudinal wave (compress and rarefact)

secondary waves

move outwards, through cracks in plates, transverse wave (up and down)

surface waves

two types: love waves (longitudinal) and rayleigh waves (transverse)

Darfield date, focus, epicentre, and time

September 4, 2010, 10km deep, 40km west of Christchurch @4:35am

Christchurch date, focus, epicentre, and time

February 22, 2011, 4km deep, 10km southeast of Christchurch CBD @12:51pm

Darfield death toll

1 death of heart attack is attributed to earthquake

Christchurch death toll

185 deaths: 115 in CTV

Liquefaction

caused by applied + concentrated pressure -> land substantially loses strength. water particles expanded + broke friction bonds holding silt particles together, making sand lose its strength.