Unit 2: Age of Reformation

2.1

Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments

2.1 What happened before the Age of Reformation regarding church power?

challenge medieval way of thinking - challenging Catholic church

2.1 What was the significance of the printing press?

Sharing of ideas

2.1 What was the result of new monarchies?

Centralizing state power

2.1 What was the effects of the commercial revolution on the world?

Consumer goods changing everyday life

2.1 What are the 3 large beliefs that came out of the Age of Reformation?

"Lutheranism
Calvinism
Anabaptism"

2.2

Luther and the Protestant Reformation

2.2 What are the 7 sacraments?

"Things you need to attain salvation
Baptism, Confession, Communion, Confirmation, Marriage, Anointing the Sick, Holy Orders"

2.2 What is transubstantiation?

Priest puts body + blood of Christ into Communion

2.2 What is purgatory?

Place between heaven + hell where people who died with sins but have completed their sacraments go

2.2 What is the cult of the saints?

Sainthood given to people by church for those that were deemed holy

2.2 What is clerical immorality?

Breaking church rules

2.2 What is an example of clerical immorality?

Drunkenness + Not following celibacy

2.2 Why is it bad if clergy are illiterate?

"Clergy read + interpret bible
Impacting entire group in congregation"

2.2 What is simony?

Selling or purchasing religious positions

2.2 What is pluralism?

Holding multiple church offices

2.2 What is nepotism?

Giving church positions to relatives or family members

2.2 Why would someone want to hold a church position?

Increase prestige + status >> increase wealth

2.2 Why is nepotism bad?

Those who are more devout and deserves the position more are overlooked

2.2 What is an indulgence?

Purchasing of the absolution of sins (reduce punishment for sinning)

2.2 Why did the church sell indulgences?

source of revenue

2.2 Why is the selling of indulgence bad?

it's not correct to pay for the forgiveness of one's sins

2.2 Who is Martin Luther? (CORNPEG)

German Catholic Priest

2.2 What is Luther's belief on indulgences?

Against indulgences

2.2 When did Luther publish 95 Theses?

1517

2.2 What is the 95 Theses?

List of grievances about abuses of church

2.2 What happens when Luther refuses to Recant at the Diet of the Worms (1521)?

excommunicated from church by pope

2.2 What occured at the Diet at the Worms?

2.2 Where did Lutheranism originate?

Germany

2.2 What type of Christianity is Lutheranism?

Christianity >> Protestantism >> Lutheranism

2.2 How many sacraments does Lutheranism have?

2

2.2 What are the sacraments of Lutheranism?

Baptism, Communion

2.2 How are the beliefs of Lutherans regarding communion different from that of Catholics?

"Don't believe in transubstantiation
Communion only represents (not actually blood + body)"

2.2 What are the beliefs of Lutherans regarding clergy?

Clergy should marry

2.2 What are the beliefs of Lutherans regarding purgatory?

No purgatory

2.2 What are the beliefs of Lutherans regarding church and state?

Church and state separate entities

2.2 What do Lutherans believe about the authority of the pope?

denied authority of Catholic pope

2.2 What do Lutherans believe to be the sole authority?

Bible is sole authority

2.2 What is the Priesthood of All Believers?

doctrine that humans have access to God through Christ (Lutheranism) - don't need a priestly mediator

2.2 How does Lutherns' confession of sins different from Catholics?

"Catholics confess sins through priest to God
Lutherans confess sins through prayer to God"

2.2 How does Lutherans' means of salvation different from Catholics?

"Catholics: faith + good works
Lutherans: faith alone"

2.2 How is the place of worship different between Lutherans and Catholics?

"Catholics: ornate churches
Lutherans: simple churches"

2.2 What war is a response to Luther's teaching?

German Peasant Wars

2.2 What were the Peasant Wars?

German peasants and farmers revolt in opposition from aristocracy

2.2 What are several causes of the Peasant Wars?

"- crop failures
- demand for social equality
- new rents"

2.2 How do peasants want more economic and political control?

"- reduce/remove serfdom
- lower taxes
- hunting access returned"

2.2 How does Luther's teachings lead to Peasant Wars?

Luther questions pope authority - peasants question social + political hierarchy in German states

2.2 What was the result of Peasant Wars?

Peasant Armies fail

2.2 What is Luther's Response to the Peasant Wars?

Against the "murderous, thieving hordes of peasants" + condemn Peasant Wars

2.2 When was the Peasant Wars?

1524 - 1525

2.2 Who is John Calvin? (CORNPEG)

2.2 What is Calvinism?

branch of Protestantism

2.2 What are the beliefs of Calvinists regarding the authority of the pope?

Denied authority of pope

2.2 What are the beliefs of Calvinists regarding state and church

state + church interwoven

2.2 What are the beliefs of Calvinists regarding sole authority?

Bible sole authority

2.2 What are the beliefs of Calvinists regarding place of worship

simple churches (Catholicism: ornate expensive churches)

2.2 What are the beliefs of Calvinists regarding salvation?

people are predestined to go to heaven / hell

2.2 How is Calvinism + Lutheranism different in terms of salvation?

"Lutheranism: salvation by faith
Calvinism: predestined"

2.2 Who are anabaptists?

Protestant Christians who formulated their beliefs in confession of faith call Schleitheim Confession (during reformation in Europe)

2.2 What is the Schleitheim Confession?

Anabaptist principles

2.2 What do anabaptists believe regarding baptism?

Adults only

2.2 Why do anabaptists believe in adult baptism only?

Children cannot make decision on religious devotion

2.2 What do anabaptists believe regarding church and state?

State + church separate

2.2 What do anabaptists believe regarding transubstantiation?

"No transubstantiation
Still have communion"

2.3

Protestant Reform Continues

2.3 What were some works by Erasmus that were mass-produced on the printing press?

"""In Praise of Folly"" (1509)
""Julius Excluded from Heaven"" (1514)"

2.3 What were some works by Luther that were mass-produced on the printing press in Germany?

"""95 Thesis"" (1517)
""New Testament"" (1522) translation in German"

2.3 What work by Calvin was mass-produced on the printing press?

"""Institutes of Christian Religion"" (1536)
political + religious texts"

2.3 What was the effect of Calvin encouraging Christian follower to read bible for themselves?

increase literacy rates

2.3 What was the purpose of wood carvings / woodblock prints?

"Most Europeans illiterate - wood carvings allowed sharing of information via images
visually showed criticism of Church"

2.3 What was the effect of wood carvings?

Allows more people to see world around them + spread ideas

2.3 Who are the Elect?

People who have been predestined to go to Heaven

2.3 What did Calvin believe about the bible?

"All the rules anyone needed to follow
rules for government + church"

2.3 What is the Institutes of Christian Religion (1536)?

Book by John Calvin - manual for Calvinism

2.3 What is the Geneva Catechism (1542)?

Question + Answer book for children to help them understand teachings of the faith

2.3 What is the significance of Geneva's Town Council?

"republican form of government
town council determined legislation "

2.3 What is the Consistory?

Council of protestant church members who dispensed justice + identified members who broke the law

2.3 Who is Miguel Servetus?

Spanish physician burned at the stake in Geneva

2.3 What is the Ordinances for the Regulation of the Churches of Geneva (1547)?

rules + regulation of moral behavior in Geneva

2.3 What were some rules in the Ordinances for the Regulation of the Churches of Geneva?

"- times of assembling at church
- blasphemy
- drunkenness
- songs and dance
- usury
- games"

2.3 What are several prohibited activities in Calvin's Geneva?

"- missing service
- gambling
- swearing
- adultery
- witchcraft"

2.3 What are several punishments in Calvin's Geneva?

"- execution (heretics, witchcraft, murder)
- banishment (witchcraft, adultery, catholicism)
- fines
- imprisonment
- public whipping
- public recanting
- stocks/pillory
- charivari"

2.3 What is witchcraft?

Practice that were seen as against church + church ideas

2.3 Who were usually blamed for witchcraft?

Rural, poor, single women

2.3 Why were women usually accused of witchcraft?

women hold tradition + culture - church can take the power of interpreting traditions by punishing women

2.3 What is charivari?

public humiliation where a mock parade is staged to mock a person

2.3 What are stocks and pillory?

Punishment for immoral behavior by public humiliation by being imprisoned in front of the town

2.3 Who are the Huguenots?

French Calvinists

2.3 Where are Huguenots located?

France

2.3 Who do the Huguenots challenge?

French monarchy + Catholic Church

2.3 What do Huguenots want?

"- freedom of religion
- reduced power + influence of Catholic church
- more political rights"

2.3 Who are the Puritans?

English Protestants influenced by Calvin

2.3 Where are the Puritans located?

England

2.3 Who do the Puritans challenge?

English monarchy + Catholic influences

2.3 What religion is the majority of England in this time period?

Anglican

2.3 What do the Puritans want?

"- reformed Anglican church
- removal of Catholics
- increase Parliamentarian power"

2.3 What was the basis for challenging monarchs' control of religious institutions?

Religious conflict

2.3 Who was Henry VIII?

monarch of England (1509 - 1547)

2.3 What religion was Henry VIII originally?

Catholic ("defender of the faith" by the Catholic pope)

2.3 Who did Henry VIII marry?

Catherine of Aragon