AP Psychology- Memory

1. Explicit Memory: Conscious recall of facts and events.

2. Episodic Memory: Memory of personal experiences and specific events.

3. Semantic Memory: General world knowledge and facts.

4. Implicit Memory: Unconscious memory, such as skills and conditioned responses.

5. Procedural Memory: Memory for how to perform tasks and actions.

6. Prospective Memory: Remembering to perform actions in the future.

7. Long-term Potentiation: Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

8. Working Memory Model: Framework for understanding short-term memory processes.

9. Working Memory: Active processing and manipulation of information.

10. Central Executive: Component of working memory that directs attention and processing.

11. Phonological Loop: Component of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.

12. Visuospatial Sketchpad: Component of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

13. Multi-store Model: Model describing memory as a flow through sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.

14. Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information.

15. Iconic Memory: Visual sensory memory.

16. Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory memory.

17. Short-Term Memory: Temporary storage of information for immediate use.

18. Long-Term Memory: Permanent storage of information.

Memory Processes

19. Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information.

20. Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

21. Encoding: Process of transforming information into a memory.

22. Storage: Maintaining encoded information over time.

23. Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

Encoding and Processing Levels

24. Levels of Processing Model: Theory that deeper processing leads to better memory.

25. Shallow Encoding: Surface-level processing, such as appearance or sound.

26. Deep Encoding: Meaningful processing, such as semantic understanding.

27. Structural, Phonemic, Semantic: Different levels of processing (appearance, sound, meaning).

Memory Techniques

28. Mnemonic Devices: Techniques to aid memory.

29. Method of Loci: Associating information with specific locations.

30. Chunking-Grouping: Organizing information into manageable units.

31. Categories-Grouping: Grouping information into categories.

32. Hierarchies-Grouping: Organizing information into hierarchical structures.

Memory Effects and Practices

33. Spacing Effect: Distributed study leads to better long-term retention.

34. Memory Consolidation: Process of stabilizing a memory trace.

35. Massed Practice: Cramming information in a short period.

36. Distributed Practice: Spreading study sessions over time.

37. Serial Position Effect: Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list.

38. Primacy Effect: Better recall for items at the beginning of a list.

39. Recency Effect: Better recall for items at the end of a list.

40. Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

41. Elaborative Rehearsal: Linking new information to existing knowledge.

Memory Retention and Disorders

42. Autobiographical Memory: Memory of one's own life events.

43. Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of memories from before an event.

44. Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after an event.

45. Alzheimer’s Disease: Progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting memory.

46. Infantile Amnesia: Inability to recall memories from early childhood.

Retrieval and Interference

47. Retrieval: Accessing stored information.

48. Recall: Retrieving information without cues.

49. Recognition: Identifying previously learned information.

50. Retrieval Cues: Stimuli that help retrieve memories.

51. Context-dependent Memory: Better recall in the same context as learning.

52. Mood-congruent Memory: Better recall when in the same mood as during learning.

53. State-dependent Memory: Better recall when in the same state as during learning.

54. Testing Effect: Enhanced memory after retrieving information.

55. Metacognition: Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

56. The Forgetting Curve: Decline of memory retention over time.

57. Encoding Failure: Inability to store information in memory.

58. Proactive Interference: Older information interferes with new information.

59. Retroactive Interference: New information interferes with old information.

60. Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon: Inability to retrieve a word from memory.

61. Repression: Unconscious blocking of distressing memories.

62. Misinformation Effect: Incorporating misleading information into memory.

63. Source Amnesia: Inability to remember where information was learned.

64. Constructive Memory: Memory that is influenced by other cognitive processes.

65. Imagination Inflation: Increased confidence in a false memory after imagining it.

66. False Memories: Distorted recollections that individuals believe to be true, often created by suggestive information or leading questions.