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What is explicit memory?
Conscious recall of facts and events.
What type of memory involves personal experiences and specific events?
Episodic Memory.
What is semantic memory?
General world knowledge and facts.
What does implicit memory refer to?
Unconscious memory, such as skills and conditioned responses.
What is procedural memory?
Memory for how to perform tasks and actions.
Define prospective memory.
Remembering to perform actions in the future.
What is long-term potentiation?
Strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
What does the working memory model help to explain?
Short-term memory processes.
What is the role of the central executive in working memory?
It directs attention and processing.
What does the phonological loop process?
Verbal and auditory information.
What is the purpose of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Processes visual and spatial information.
What is the multi-store model of memory?
Describes memory as a flow through sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
Define sensory memory.
Brief storage of sensory information.
What is iconic memory?
Visual sensory memory.
Define echoic memory.
Auditory sensory memory.
What is short-term memory?
Temporary storage of information for immediate use.
What does long-term memory refer to?
Permanent storage of information.
What is automatic processing?
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
What is effortful processing?
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
What is the encoding process?
Transforming information into a memory.
What does storage refer to in memory processes?
Maintaining encoded information over time.
What is retrieval in the context of memory?
Accessing stored information.
What does the levels of processing model explain?
Deeper processing leads to better memory.
What is shallow encoding?
Surface-level processing, such as appearance or sound.
What is deep encoding?
Meaningful processing, such as semantic understanding.
What are mnemonic devices?
Techniques to aid memory.
What is the method of loci?
Associating information with specific locations.
What does chunking involve?
Organizing information into manageable units.
What does the spacing effect refer to?
Distributed study leads to better long-term retention.
Define memory consolidation.
Process of stabilizing a memory trace.
What is massed practice?
Cramming information in a short period.
What is the serial position effect?
Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list.
What is the primacy effect?
Better recall for items at the beginning of a list.
What is the recency effect?
Better recall for items at the end of a list.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Linking new information to existing knowledge.
Define autobiographical memory.
Memory of one's own life events.
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of memories from before an event.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories after an event.
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting memory.
Define infantile amnesia.
Inability to recall memories from early childhood.
What is recall in retrieval?
Retrieving information without cues.
What is recognition in the context of retrieval?
Identifying previously learned information.
What are retrieval cues?
Stimuli that help retrieve memories.
What is context-dependent memory?
Better recall in the same context as learning.
What is mood-congruent memory?
Better recall when in the same mood as during learning.
What is the testing effect?
Enhanced memory after retrieving information.
Define metacognition.
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
What is the forgetting curve?
Decline of memory retention over time.
What does encoding failure refer to?
Inability to store information in memory.
What is proactive interference?
Older information interferes with new information.
What is retroactive interference?
New information interferes with old information.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
Inability to retrieve a word from memory.
What does repression mean in psychology?
Unconscious blocking of distressing memories.
What is the misinformation effect?
Incorporating misleading information into memory.
Define source amnesia.
Inability to remember where information was learned.
What is constructive memory?
Memory that is influenced by other cognitive processes.
What is imagination inflation?
Increased confidence in a false memory after imagining it.
Define false memories.
Distorted recollections that individuals believe to be true.
