Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

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AP Biology | 2024-2025

85 Terms

1
What are elements?
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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2
What are the 4 most common elements?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
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3
What are the CHON elements used for?
building biological molecules and forming storage compounds and cells in all organisms
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4
What are trace elements?
elements required by an organism only in very small quantities
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5
What are examples of trace elements?
iron (Fe), iodine (I), and copper (Cu)
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6
What are atoms?
the units of life and the building blocks of the physical world
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7
What are protons?
positively charged (+) particles
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8
What are neutrons?
uncharged particles
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9
What are electrons?
negatively charged (-) particles
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10
What are isotopes?
atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus
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11
What are compounds?
2 or more elements held together by chemical bonds
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12
What are the different types of chemical bonds?
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
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13
What is an ionic bond?
a bond formed between 2 atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from atom to another
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14
What are ions?
the charged forms of the atoms in ionic bonds
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15
What are covalent bonds?
bonds between atoms that share electrons
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16
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
covalent bonds that share electrons equally
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17
What are polar covalent bonds?
covalent bonds that share electrons unequally
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18
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen is covalently bonded to an oxygen atom
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19
What special properties does hydrogen bonding give water?
  • cohesion

  • adhesion

  • surface tension

  • high specific heat

  • unique characteristics as ice

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20
What is cohesion?
the linking together of like molecules
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21
How does cohesion help water transport in plants?
by helping hold together the column of water within the cells
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22
What is adhesion?
the clinging of one substance to another
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23
How does adhesion help water transport in plants?
by helping resist the downward pull of gravity
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24
What is surface tension?
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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25
How is the surface tension of water significant?
water has unusually high surface tension, making it behave as though it were coated with an invisible film
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26
What is specific heat?

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

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27
How is water’s high specific heat significant in nature?
  • a large body of water can absorb and store a huge amount of heat from the sun in the daytime and during the summer while warming up only a few degrees, and at night and during the winter, the gradually cooling water can warm the air

  • ocean temperatures are stabilized, creating a favorable environment for marine life

  • since organisms are made primarily of water, they are better able to resist changes in their own temperature

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28
What are the properties of ice?
  • it is less dense than liquid water and thus can float

  • water expands when it solidifies, forming a lattice structure

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29
How are the properties of ice significant in nature?
  • if ice sank, all bodies of water would freeze, making life as we know it impossible on Earth

  • when a deep body of water cools, the floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and allowing life to exist under the frozen surface

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30
When is a solution acidic?
if it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+)
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31
What happens if you dissolve an acid in water?
it will release a lot of hydrogen ions
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32
When is a solution basic?
if it contains a lot of hydroxide ions (OH-)
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33
What happens if you dissolve a base in water?
it will release a lot of hydroxide ions
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34
What are organic molecules?
molecules that contain carbon
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35
What are inorganic molecules?
molecules that do not contain carbon
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36
Why is carbon important for life?
it is a versatile atom, meaning that it has the ability to bind not only with other carbons but also with a number of other elements, including nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen
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37
What are monomers?
the individual building blocks of a polymer
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38
What are polymers?
chains of building blocks in macromolecules
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39
What is dehydration synthesis?
the formation of polymers by removing water to form a bond
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40
What is hydrolysis?
the breaking apart of polymers by adding water to break a bond
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41
What are macromolecules?
the 4 classes of organic compounds to life on earth
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42
What are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
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43
What are elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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44
What are the most common monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
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45
What are monosaccharides the energy source for?
cells
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46
How are glucose and fructose depicted?

as either “straight” or “rings” with Hs and OHs attached to them

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47
What are disaccharides formed by?
glycosidic linkage
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48
What is maltose formed from?
2 glucose molecules
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49
What are polysaccharides?
many repeated units of monosaccharides in branched or unbranched chains
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50
What are examples of polysaccharides?
starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
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51
What is the function of starch?
to store sugar in plants
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52
What is the function of glycogen?
to store sugar in animals
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53
What is the function of chitin and cellulose?
to provide structural support
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54
What are proteins important for?
structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs
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55
What is the structure of proteins?

an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen, and an R-group surrounding a central carbon

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56
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
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57
What elements are in proteins?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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58
How many different amino acids are there?
20
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59
How do we distinguish between amino acids?
based on their R-group
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60
How do you spot amino acids?

by looking for the amino group (NH2), then looking for the carboxyl molecule

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61
What does side chain polarity affect?
whether an amino acid is more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic
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62
What are the polymers of proteins?
polypeptides
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63
What is a dipeptide?
2 amino acids joined together when the carboxyl group of one combines with the amino group of another
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64
What is a peptide bond?
the bond between 2 amino acids
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65
What is the primary structure of a protein?
the linear sequence of the amino acids
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66
What are the secondary structures of a protein?
the coils (alpha helix) and zigzags (beta-pleated sheets) that form when a polypeptide begins twisting
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67
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
the interaction of amino acids that were far apart from each other prior to polypeptide reshaping
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68
What is the quaternary structure?
the interaction of different polypeptide chains
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69
What elements do lipids consist of?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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70
What are examples of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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71
Why are lipids important?
due to their nonpolar structures
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72

What are the functions of lipids?

  • to provide structure for cell membranes

  • to provide insulation

  • to signal molecules

  • to store energy

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73
What are triglycerides?
a glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains attached to it
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74
What are saturated fatty acids?
fatty acids saturated with hydrogen along its long carbon chain
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75
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
fatty acids that have a double bond in their chain
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76
What is lipid saturation?
the extent that saturation in a lipid can affect its structure and function; the more double bonds that exist within a lipid, the more unsaturated it is
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77
What is the structure of phospholipids?
2 fatty acid tails and 1 negatively charged phosphate head
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78
Why are the phospholipid heads hydrophobic?
because their lack of polarity prevents them from mixing well with water
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79
Why are the phospholipid tails hydrophilic?
because their polarity allows them to mix well with water
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80
What is cholesterol?
a four-ringed molecule that is found in membranes
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81
What is cholesterol important for?
making certain types of hormones and vitamin D
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82
What elements are in nucleic acids?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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83
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
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84
What does DNA contain?
the hereditary “blueprints” of life
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85
What is RNA essential for?
protein synthesis
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