(a) the different types of pathogen that can cause communicable diseases in plants and animals

To include: • bacteria – tuberculosis (TB), ring rot (potatoes) • viruses – HIV/AIDS (human), influenza (animals), Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plants) • protoctista – malaria, potato/tomato late blight • fungi – black sigatoka (bananas), athlete’s foot (humans)

what is a disease?

• is an illness or disorder of the body or mind that leads to poor health

• Communicable/infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are transmissible (can be spread between individuals within a population)

• Both plants and animals can be affected by pathogens

meaning and examples of infectious diseases

• diseases caused by a pathogen that passes from infected individuals to uninfected individuals

• examples: Cholera, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis

meaning and examples of non infectious disease

• are long term diseases that are not caused by pathogens.

• examples: lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, depressions, cystic fibrosis, vitamin deficiencies

examples of pathogens:

• bacteria

• viruses

• fungi

• protoctists

Bacteria

• a diverse range of prokaryotic organisms

• some are non - pathogenic(they do not cause any disease or damage) while others are pathogenic

  • Pathogenic bacteria do not always infect the hosts of cells, they can remain within body cavities or spaces

M.tuberculosis

• a type of bacteria

• can effect humans, cows, badgers

• M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB) in humans

  • The bacteria infect the lungs,

    • causing a chronic cough and bloody mucus

  • It is a disease often associated with poor hygiene and sanitation

  • treatment: antibiotics, vaccinations, high standards of living

  • M. bovine in cows can also transmit to humans to cause TB

Ring rot

• a type of bacteria

• Ring rot diseases in potato plants or tomatoes are caused by bacterial pathogens

  • The bacteria infect the vascular tissue and prevent the transport of water, causing the plant to wilt and die

  • the field is infected for 2 years

  • The infection spreads into the potato tubers where the vascular tissue is arranged in a ring, producing the characteristic black ring of rot

viruses

• do not have a cellular structure

  • This means they can't respire, produce ATP, replicate genetic material or synthesise protein

• They infect host cells and hijack their machinery to replicate their own genetic material and proteins

• The first virus ever discovered was the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)