human growth module 7

define puberty

period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation

define adolescence

transition between childhood and adulthood

puberty begins with a signal from the hypothalamus to the

pituitary gland (HPA axis)

what age range is adolescence

12-18

finish this sequence gonadotropin release hormone→ LH and FH -→

estrogen or testosterone

what hormones increase during puberty

growth hormone and thyroxine (skeletal growth and maturity)

when is the onset of puberty for girls

9-12 y/o

when is the onset of puberty for boys

10-13 y/o

onset of puberty is affected by

gender

genes and ethnicity

weight

stress

onset of growth spurt for girls

~10 y/o

onset of growth spurt for boys

~12 y/o

how long does a growth last

2 years

describe the height change during a growth spurt

~10 inches

boys gain more ___ than girls (body proportion)

muscle

increased ___ _______ in girls

fat deposition

both boys and girls experience an increase in bone

density

boy’s shoulders broaden relative to ___

hips

girls hips broaden relative to

shoulders

increase in number of ___ ____ cells in boys rather than girls

red blood

primary sex characteristics

parts of the body directly involved in reproduction

established before birth

examples of primary sex characteristics

testicles and ovaries

secondary sex characteristics

not necessary for reproduction

examples of secondary sex characteristics

acne, breast development, hair development, voice changes

physical changes for both genders

more active oil and sweat glands

darker hair

pubic hair

physical changes for girls

first sign of puberty: breast development

body shape changes

menarche

define menarche

beginning of menstruation

10-14 y.o

average age of menarche

12.5 y.o

physical changes for boys

first sign of puberty: testicular development

spermarche

temporary breast enlargement

voice deepening

facial and chest hair

define spermarche

first ejaculation (usually nocturnal)

when does spermache occur

~13y.o

early puberty age for girls

< 8y.o

early puberty age for boys

<9 y.o

outcomes for early puberty

increase risk for depression, anxiety, low self-esteem

increased risk for early sexual activity, substance abuse, aggression

late puberty age for girls

>13 y.o

late puberty age for boys

>14 y.o

outcomes for late puberty

increased risk for depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem

• more prominent in boys

adolescences need about how many hours of sleep

9

poor sleep outcomes include

anxiety, irritability, depression, and poor academic performance

caloric needs for girls

2,200

caloric needs for boys

2,700

iron needs for girls increase due to what

menstruation

calcium needs increase due to what fraction of bone mass is accumulated

½

describe brain development in adolescence

second burst of synaptogenesis

volume of cerebral cortex increases

synaptic pruning occurs at a high rate increased size of amygdala and hippocampus

significant development of prefrontal cortex

connections between the prefrontal cortex and various brain regions strengthen resulting in

rapid communication between neurons

enhanced cognitive functioning

greater behavioral control

adolescent’s brains do not always lead them to

accurately assess situations

limbic system (emotion) develops prior to

prefrontal cortex (judgment)

the balance of _____ shifts during adolescence

neurotransmitters

at 9-10 y.o what experiences a marked shift in levels of serotonin and dopamine

prefrontal cortex and limbic system

response inhibition is closely associated with

risky activity

when is risky activity thought to decline

late adolescence

define formal operational reasoning

the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systemically

define hypothetical-deductive reasoning

the ability to consider problems, generate and systemically test hypotheses, and draw conclusions

describe information processing perspective

improvements in attention, memory, knowledge base, response inhibition and speed

describe metacognition development and scientific reasoning

better able to understand how they learn

use strategies that help them store and retrieve information

events with egocentrism

imaginary audience and personal fable

describe imaginary audience

adolescents misdirect their own preoccupation about themselves on to others and assume that they are the focus of others’ attention

describe personal fable

adolescents’ belief that they are special, unique

perceive their own experiences as unique

believe they experience different or more intense emotions than others

adolescents are capable of demonstrating _____ comparable to adults

rational decision making

describe rational decision making for adolescents

tend to place more importance on potential benefits than estimation of potential risks

prefrontal cortex development lags behind limbic system

impulsivity

describe kohlberg postconventional moral reasoning

define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies

• recognize principles of fairness/justice may conflict with rules/law

influences on moral reasoning

parenting practices

peer interactions

culture

schooling

describe parenting practices

discussions about morality and encouragement of prosocial behavior

describe peer interactions

exposure to various viewpoints

describe culture

values, social structures

religion

describe schooling

classroom climates

college associated with improved moral reasoning

describe identity erikson

search for sense of self and personal identity through exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals

gain autonomy

describe role confusion

failure to establish a sense of identity within society

describe moodiness

a popular hallmark of adolescence

attributable to increase and fluctuation in hormones

describe self-concept

can describe themselves in multiple ways that often are contradictory and that they show different aspects of themselves to different people

describe ideal self

the self that adolescents aspire to be, which is characterized by traits that they value

describe actual self

adolescents’ personal characteristics

describe global self-esteem

an overall evaluation of self-worth

when does global self-esteem decline

11 y.o reaching its lowest point in early adolescence and then rises

describe identity

integrate self-knowledge and self-evaluations

influenced by type of parenting, peer attachment, and encouragement and opportunities to explore

progress towards identity evaluated based on exploration and commitment

describe identity status

reflect different ways of viewing and responding to the world

describe identity status foreclosed

has committed to an identity without having explored multiple possibilities

tend to be inflexible and view world in black and white, right or wrong; passivity and maladaptive long-term outcomes / avoid reflecting on their identity choice, not open to new information, especially if contracts their position, rigid and inflexible

describe identity status achievement

has committed to an identity after exploring multiple possibilities

active problem solving style, high self-esteem, feelings of control, high moral reasoning and positive views of work and school

describe identity status moratorium

has not committed to an identity but is exploring alternations

exploration peaks at age 19 then declines ; mature sense of self, prosocial behavior, and positive functioning / information-seeking active problem-solving style, open to experience, anxiety, experimentation with alcohol or substance use

describe identity status diffusion

has neither committed to an identity nor explored alternatives

pervasive uncertainty / avoidance, tend to not solve personal problems in favor of letting issues decide themselves, academic difficulties, apathy, and alcohol and substance use

describe ethnic identity

sense of membership to an ethnic group, including attributes, values and culture associated with that group

• learning about cultural practices

  • helps teens reject negative views of culture based on sterotype

changes within parent-teen relationships

adolescents strive for both emotional and behavioral autonomy

rely less on parents

conflict within parent-teen

rises in early adolescence, peaks in middle adolescence, and declines in late adolescence

some level of conflict= normal

most conflict center on “everyday” matters

describe parenting

affects autonomy and self-regulation

most-favorable = authoritative

describe parental monitoring

affects academic achievement and overall well-being

defers risk-taking behaviors

peer relationships importance

similar demographics

opposite sex friendships become more common

define cliques

tightly knit peer groups of about 5-7 members who are close friends

describe cliques within adolescence

establish norms that derive from interactions among group members

by mid-adolescence, cliques become mixed and form the basis for dating

define crowds

adolescents classify their peers based on perceived similarities in characteristics, interests, and reputation

describe crowds

membership is based on an adolescents’ image or reputation among peers, members may or may not interact with one another

decline in late adolescence

peer conformity can be either

positive or negative

dating within adolescences

varies by culture and influenced by earlier interactions with parents and peers

early dating is associated with risky behaviors and very brief relationships

dating violence

actual or threatened physical or sexual violence or psychological abuse directed toward a current or former boyfriend/girlfriend or partner

define sexuality

feeling about oneself, attitudes and behaviors toward other people

risk factors for early sexual activity

early pubertal maturation

poor parental monitoring

poor parental-adolescent communication

poor school performance

perceived parental attitudes as permissive toward sexual activity

sexually active peers

preventing early sexual activity

parent-child communication about sex

authoritative parenting

regularly shared family activities

parental monitoring and knowledge

having friends who are not yet sexually active

limited exposure to sexual media and other sexual content

sexual identity

develops similar to other aspects of identity development
- exploration and commitment

LGBTQIA adolescents

first sense of sexual orientation appears between ages 6-12 y.o

often experience confusion and internal struggle

on average when do boys identify as homosexual

10-15 y.o

on average when do girls identify as homosexual

13-18 y.o