Chest and clavicle anatomy

2 ventral cavities of the body

thoracic and abdominal cavity

What is the lower portion of the abdominal cavity called

Pelvic cavity

What does the diaphragm separate

thoracic and abdominal cavities

What 3 structures pass through the diaphragm

Esophagus, descending aorta, inferior vena cave

6 structures of the thoracic cavity

Pleural membranes
lungs
trachea
esophagus
pericardium
heart

2 systems of the thoracic cavity

Respiratory and cardiovascular system

3 chambers/cavities of the thoracic cavity

Pericardial
Right pleural cavity
Left pleural cavity

What makes up the pericardial chamber

Heart and mediastinum

What are the thoracic cavities lined with

serous membrane

What is a mediastinum

area of the thorax bound by sternum anteriorly, spine posteriorly, and lungs laterally

What 9 structures are within the mediastinum

Heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymphatics, nerves, fibrous tissue, fat

Why is the mediastinum important

If there is a mediastinum shift then it could indicate a pathology

What happens when the esophagus is filled with barium sulfate

Posterior border of heart and aorta is outlined

What is the most common x-ray exam

Chest PA

Why are chest x-rays important

Shows us major systems vital for survival

5 structures of the respiratory system

Pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
two lungs

What is the pharynx

common passageway for food and air

The pharynx extends from...

Sphenoid bone to C6/C7

3 types of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Is the laryngopharynx continuous with the trachea or esophagus

Esophagus

What is the larynx

Tube that allows air to pass to your trachea
Voice production

What level is the larynx

C6

What is the function of the epiglottis

prevent food from entering the larynx

What is the trachea

Fibrous, muscular tube with 16-20 c-shaped cartilaginous rings

Is the trachea anterior to the esophagus

Yes

What is the function of the trachea

passageway for air to enter the lungs

Why is the posterior aspect of the trachea flat

To be flexible for when food goes down

What is the carina

bifurcation of trachea

What level is the carina

At the sternal angle
T4-T5

What follows the carina

Right and left primary bronchus

How many branches does the right bronchus divide into

3 branches

How many branches does the left bronchus divide into

2 branches

Which primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical

Right

5 subdivisions of the bronchial tree

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles
Terminal brochioles

What division of the bronchus communicates with the alveoli ducts

Terminal bronchioles

What do the alveolar ducts end with

alveolar sacs

Where do O2 and CO2 exchange

Alvieoli

What is the superior portion of the lungs called

apex (reaches above clavicles)

What is the inferior portion of the lungs called

base (Oblique on diaphragm and lowest in the back and sides)

What are the sides of the lungs called

costophrenic angles

What is the medial border of the lungs called

Hilum

What is the hilum of the lung

A concave depression on the mediastinal surface of each lung that allows the passage of bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes

Which lung is shorter, by how much, and why

Right
1in
Space for the liver below it

Why is the right lung broader then the left

The position of the heart cuts into the space for the left lung

What is the cardiac notch

indentation in the left lung where the heart lies

What are fissures of the lungs

It separates the lobes of the lungs

What does the oblique fissure divide

Superior (L) / middle (R) and inferior lobes

What does the horizontal fissure divide

superior and middle lobes of the right lung

What is a lingula

A tongue shaped process on the left lung that fills the space between chest wall and heart

What is the inner layer of the lung called

visceral pleura, attaches to lung

What is the outer layer of the lung called

Parietal pleura, attaches to thoracic cavity

What is the function of serous fluid

Prevents friction between lungs and chest walls during respiration

What is the pleural cavity

the space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

How does air enter the lungs

Air in the alveolar spaces falls below atmospheric pressure, inspiration

How does air leave the lungs

Air in the alveolar space exceeds atmospheric pressure, expiration

How does the lungs move during inspiration

Inferiorly

How does the lungs move during expiration

Superiorly

What do the lateral margins do during inspiration

Descend deep into parental pleura (costophrenic angle)

What are the structures if the cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries/arterioles, capillaries, veins/venules

What is the endocardium

inner lining of the heart

What is the myocardium

Muscular wall of the heart

What is the epicardium

thin membrane that covers the heart
Visceral layer of serous pericardium

What is the pericardial sac

Doubled walled outermost covering of the heart

What does the pericardial sac include

fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium

Which are the upper, receiving chambers

Atrium

Which are the lower, distributing chambers

Ventricles

What is the interatrial septum

wall that separates atria

What is the fossa ovalis

Remnants of foramen ovale from a fetus (bypasses blood from non-function lungs)

What is the interventricular septum

wall between ventricles

Are walls of the atria thinner then ventricles

Yes

Why are ventricles more muscular then atria

Ventricles pump blood

What does the Right AV/tricuspid valve control

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

What does the Left AV/mitral valve control

opening between left atrium and left ventricle

What are the semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves

What does the pulmonary valve lead to

Pulmonary artery
-to get oxygen

What does the aortic valve lead to

Aorta
-to spread to body

What side of the heart is deoxygenated

right

What side of the heart is oxygenated

left

What supplies blood to the myocardium

Coronary arteries

Is the pulmonary artery oxygenated

No

Is the pulmonary vein oxygenated

Yes

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, alveoli, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.

What vessel carries blood away from the heart

Arteries

How does the arteries branch

Arteries
Medium arteries
arterioles
Capillaries

3 layers of hollow lumens

Tunica externa, media, intima

What is vasoconstriction

Smooth muscle contrast, dec in diameter

What is vasodilation

Smooth muscle relaxation
inc in diameter

What regulates blood flow from the arteries to the capillaries

Arterioles

What are exchange vessels

capillaries

What exchanges incapillaries

Nutrients and waste

Which tissues have an extensive capillary network

Tissues with higher metabolic requirements
-muscles, liver, kidney, NS

What are capillaries made of

Single layer of endothelium surrounded by basement membrane

What vessels carry blood towards the heart

Veins

What structures return blood to the right atrium

coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava

Which vessel has the widest lumen

Veins

What vessel has the widest tunica intima and media

Arteries

What is the purpose of valves in veins

Prevent back flow of blood

What are varicose veins

Veins with weak valves