3) Modelling

concept models

used to communicate ideas

types of concept models

• graphical

• physical

• virtual

system design

shows the logical design of a system

service design

designs to the needs of customers

oblique projection

2-point perspective

isometric projection

3-point perspective

projections show how

lines converge towards a single vanisching point directily aheads, the rest and horizontal/vertical

orthographic projection

draws an object from different directions

scale drawings

use specific ratios relative to the actual size

1 point perspective

2d drawing

concept sketching allows the designer to…

visualise with a pen by drawing ideas and supporting them with annotations

formal drawings

show a more resolved idea and are typically used in the development phase of a design process

assembly drawings

show how parts of a product fit together

scale modelling

a fast method to ideate and communicate design thinking, ideas and aesthetics

aesthetic models

are often made to show how objects will look

mock-ups

are used to test ideas as they are full-scale representations of the product

prototypes

are functional models made for feedback

surface models

are photo-realistic images of a product, showing some mechanics but no data about the interior of the products

solid modelling

is defining an object with geometric mass

data modelling

defines the structure of data, using diagrams and sometimes statistical data

virtual prototypes (digital mockups)

use the surface of solid modelling to turn them into photo-realistic intercative models

bottom up modelling

requires the designer to draw seperate components and then assemble them into one

top down modelling

originates from a concept and evolves into a complete product

motion capture

records a moving subject using video, magnetic or electro-mechanical methods.

animation

is a manual frame by frame drawing leading to a video

haptic technology

allows the user to interact with touch, this helps the designer observe user performance

virtual reality

simulates situations for improved interaction

finite element analysis (FEA)

uses calculations and simulations of unknown factors in products (using CAD)

stereolithography (SLA)

creates smooth objects, but quality of objects depends on quality of SLA machine

laminated object manufacture (LOM)

uses sliced CAD data from 3d models and cuts out each layer from material

fused deposition modeling (FDM)

3d prints using thermoplastic fillaments

selective laser sintering (SLS)

is an additive manufacting technqiue using high-power laser to fuse small particles (plastic, metal, glass, ceramic).