GEN BIO

genetic engineering

direct modification of organism's genome

genetic engineering

change in DNA

genetic engineering

artificial manipulation - modification - recombination of DNA

RESTRICTION OF ENZYMES -

cutting of DNA strands

BIOTECHNOLOGY

- uses of biological techniques, such as ;

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

- combining the two different fragments of sources.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

separates the DNA fragments

GENE CLONING

- produce a large number of identical recombinant

DNA SEQUENCING (EXOGENOUS DNA)

identify the DNA sequence of cloned recombinant

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

makes copies of sequenced DNA.

genetically modified organism

organisms created by genetic engineers

genetically modified organism (GMO)

manipulation of genes

genetically modified organism (GMO)

process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

mixing DNA from different sources

RESTRICTION OF ENZYMES -

produce in 1968 by swiss microbiologist WERNER ARBE

RESTRICTION OF ENZYMES -

splice - connect -add or remove nucleotides to DNA

1974

- GM mice

1973

first GMO bacteria

1982

- commercial development (insulin - producing product)

2003

GMO as pets (Glofish)

1994 -

- began to sell GM food

GENETIC MODIFICATION OF MICROBES

most common GMO for its small structure = easy manipulation.

CYANOBACTERIA

plastics (polyethylene) and fuels (butanol)

GM BACTERIA

production of hydrocarbons (plastics and fuels)

E.COLI -

diesel fuels

93%

beans, cotton

86%

corn

BANANA VACCINES

injected in sapling trees

95%

sugar beats

VENOMOUS CABBAGE

- scorpion genes

BIOLUMINESCENT ANIMALS

protein tracking, disease detection, novelty pets

FAST-GROWING SALMONS

produce growth of hormones

LESS-SMELLY COWS

production of methane , 25% less flatulent cows

WEB-PRODUCING GOATS

production of spider silk

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

indirectly manipulates genes, focuses on physical traits of organisms.

SELECTIVE BREEDING

- organisms with desired characteristics are mated to produce both the desired traits in an organism.

HYBRIDIZATIONS -

organisms with unlike characteristics are mated to produce the both desired characteristics.

INBREEDING

genetically similar to maintain the desired traits of an organism/

DNA / DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -

- any various nucleic acids , molecular basis of heredity

EXOGENOUS DNA

- produced by growth from superficial tissue

GENES

- specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA, located on chromosome

Genome

an organism's complete set of genetic instructions.

Gene Therapy

a medical field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic

Plasmids -

are small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently

EONS

the longest subdivision in the geologic timescale..

ERAS

the next longest subdivision in the geologic timescale.

PERIODS

based on the dominant living creature at a specific period.

EPOCHS

shortest subdivision of geologic time scale

PRECAMBRIAN LIFE ( HADEAN, ARCHEAN, PROTEROZOIC ERAS)

88% earth's history, earth transformed from a ball of a gas and dust to liquid rock

CYANOBACTERIA

single celled exist, precambrian

(EDIACARAN)

soft bodied sea creatures

CORONACOLLINA ACULA

sponge-like fossils, oldest animal

PALEOZOIC ERA

"Age of invertebrates"

PALEOZOIC ERA

largest mass extinction, 90% marine 70% land animal

PALEOZOIC ERA

"Cambrian Explosion"

CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN DEVONIAN CARBONIFEROUS PERMIAN

6 periods

MESOZOIC ERA

"MIDDLE LIFE"

TRIASSIC

pangea still formed

JURASSIC

rise in sea levels, hastened the break-up of supercontinent

CRETACEOUS

carbon dioxide had risen, taps the planet's heat 10 degrees warmer, collision of an asteroid or comet with earth.

MESOZOIC

era of dinosaurs, "Age of Reptiles", Gymnosperms

CENOZOIC ERA

"RECENT LIFE" 'Age of mammals'

CENOZOIC

Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

PALEOLITHIC HUNTERS

likely cause the disappearance of many Ice age mammals

DECIDUOUS ANGIOSPERMS

(flowering plants)

END ORDOVICIAN 444 mya

climate change

LATE DEVONIAN 360 mya

marine animals

END PERMIAN 250 mya

Warming of the Earth's climate and associated changes to oceans

END TRIASSIC 200 mya

huge and widespread volcanic eruption

END CRETACEOUS 65 mya

killed dinosaurs

EVOLUTION

organisms have descended from ancient ancestors.

GENE POOL

population evolves because the population contains the collections of genes called

NATURAL SELECTION

Inherited/passed from parent offspring

DARWIN & WALLACE

limited resources will survive and have offspring than those individual with variations that are less able to complete

MUTATION

change in DNA sequence of the gene, ultimate source of genetic variation

phenotype

appearance

SEX & GENETIC SHUFFLING

introduce new gene combinations into the population or in every generation.

GENETIC DRIFT

simple the effect of change, can lead to the elimination of an allele

RANDOM DRIFT

random fluctuations in the frequency of appearance of a gene, small population, may cause to disappear completely

BOTTLENECK EFFECT

sudden sharp decline in a population's size typically due to environmental factors

FOUNDER EFFECT

loss of genetic variation when a new population is established by a larger population.

GENE FLOW/MIGRATION

movement of genes between population

RECOMBINATION

during meiosis when chromosomes exchange genes.

HEREDITY

passing of traits from parent organisms to their offspring

DUBECK et al., 2004

all living organisms share characteristics which biologically distinguish them from non-living things

CELLULAR COMPLEXITY

all living things are composed of either one or more cells

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

organisms undergo different stages, birth to maturity

REPRODUCTION

to ensure continuity of life, pass traits from one generation to next

IRRITABILITY / ABILITY TO RESPONSE TO STIMULI

any movement to stimuli in the organism' own volition

RELATIVE TIME "CHRONOSTRATIC"

specific order based upon relative age relationships (vertical/stratigraphic position).

ABSOLUTE TIME "CHRONOMETRIC"

numerical ages in million of years

DIRECT EVIDENCE

directly observed or seen

INDIRECT EVIDENCE

does not involve actual observation

BIOGEOGRAPHY

study of the distribution of species on Earth in the past and present

historical biogeography or paleobiogeography

studies species distribution now

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

father of Biogeography

FOSSIL RECORD

place importance events and species in the appropriate geologic era, solid evidence from the past

HOMOLOGY

similar biological structures or sequence in different taxa

EMBRYOLOGY

study of the development, structure, and function of embryos

PHYLOGENY

evolutionary history and relationship of an organism is called