Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Oxytocin

________ is released during breast feeding and by contact in warmth.

Epigenetic view

emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

Bowlby

both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.

infant focus

Joining attention: when the caregiver and ________ on the same object or event.

Self regulation

variations in extent /effectiveness of an individuals ability to control their emotions.

meaningful interactions

Intention, goal- directed behavior, and ________ with others.

Separation protest

________: crying when caregiver leaves.

psychological development

Secure attachment in the first year of life provides an important foundation for ________ later in life.

reciprocal framework

In using scaffolding, caregivers provide a positive, ________ in which they and their children interact.

Inhibition

________ shows stability in infancy to early childhood.

hostile parenting

Harsh, ________ is associated with negative outcomes for children, such as benign defiant and oppositional.

positive mood

Easy child: ________, regular routine, easy to adopt.

Temperament

________: individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

Prefrontal cortex

________, subcortical regions of amygdala, and hypothalamus likely have an important role in maternal attachment behavior.

Social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

Fathers

________ have the ability to act as sensitively and responsively as mothers with their infants.

Harlow

________: contact comfort is important in attachment.

Reactivity

________: variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions.

Newborn

________ is biologically equipped to elicit attachment behavior.

self concept

Plays a pivotal role in the discovery of links between attachments and emotional understanding, conscience development, and ________.

Maternal negativity

________ and child problem behavior were most strongly linked for children who were low in effortful control and living in chaotic homes.

behavioral organization

Emotions play important roles in communication with others and ________.

environmental support

The infant is motivated to reach, and ________ for the skill the infants and toddlers push for independence is paced by the development of locomotion skills.

Erik Erikson

________: important issue in second year of life.

Long term effect

________ is to increase the infants chance of survival.

Infants

________ learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent, warm manner.

Autonomy builds

________ as infants mental and motor abilities develop.

Negative affectivity

________: easily distressed.

Freud

________: infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction.

Developmental cascade model

connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes.

irregular routine

Difficult child: reacts negatively, cries, ________, slow to change.

secure base

Securely attached babies use the caregiver as a(n) ________ from which to explore the environment.

Goodness of fit

________: match between a childs temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Low caregiver

________- to- child ratio that allows caregivers to spend considerable time with children on an individual basis.

low intensity of mood

Slow to warm up child: low activity level, negative, ________.

Stranger anxiety

________: infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers.

Face to face play

________ begins to characterize caregiver- infant interactions when the infant is 2- 3 months old.

Inhibition

________ to unfamiliar: avoidance, distress, subdued effect.

Erik Erikson

________: trust v mistrust stage of development in first year of life.

fear

one of the childs earliest emotions

stranger anxiety

infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers

separation protest

crying when caregiver leaves

temperament

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

reactivity

variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions

self-regulation

variations in extent / effectiveness of an individuals ability to control their emotions

easy child

positive mood, regular routine, easy to adopt

difficult child

reacts negatively, cries, irregular routine, slow to change

slow to warm up child

low activity level, negative, low intensity of mood

inhibition to unfamiliar

avoidance, distress, subdued effect

negative affectivity

easily distressed

contemporary view

temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior

goodness of fit

match between a childs temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

Erik Erikson

trust v mistrust stage of development in first year of life

Erik Erikson

important issue in second year of life

second stage of development

autonomy v shame and doubt

joining attention

when the caregiver and infant focus on the same object or event

social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

attachment

close emotional bond between two people

Freud

infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction

Harlow

contact comfort is important in attachment

Bowlby

both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments

24 months +

children become aware of others feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions

developmental cascade model

connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes

scaffolding

parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents