FAD Final Quizlet (copy)

rabies reserviors

-bats
-dogs
-foxes
-skunks
-raccoons

bites

How is rabies transmitted?

rabies clinical signs

-behavioral changes
-tenesmus
-might salivate
-progressive lameness, ataxia, posterior paresis

rabies treatment

-notify authorities
-isolate
-euthanize

Clostridium tetani

What is tetnus caused by?

tetnus

-caused by clostridium tetani
-outbreaks seen following castration, shearing, docking, and vaccinations/injections
-may be seen after wounds or postpartum metritis

tetnus clinical signs

-stiffened gait
-bloat
-rigid extension of the limbs
-raised tail head
-tetany of face and jaw muscles
-locked jaw
-prolapse of thirds eyelid
-laterally recumbent

Tetnus diagnosis

-diagnosed off of clinical signs
-presence of wounds, history of surgery, calving, or processing
-direct smears of wounds or spleen to confirm

tetnus treatment

-elimination of bacteria
-place in dark, quiet environment
-neutralization
-relief of muscle spasms
-good nursing care
-est. active antitoxic immunity

tetnus prevention

-if farm has multiple cases, inoculation is recommended
-vaccinations recommended in small ruminants

no

Do animals get immunity from active tetnus infections?

Clostridium botulinum

What is the causative agent of Botulism?

botulism

-caused by clostridium botulinum
-results in flaccid paralysis
-occurs as herd outbreak often after feeding improperly fermented silage
-consumption of carrion, carcass contamination of feeds, and poultry litter

gradual onset

Which form of Botulism has a good prognosis?

botulism clinical signs

-weak tongue tone
-dysphagia
-drooling
-generalized muscle weakness
-tremors
-recumbency
-dilated pupils/poor PLR

botulism diagnosis

-history of bad silage
-ID spores in feed, feces, or GI content
-animals that die do not have pathologic lesions

botulism treatment

-nutritional support
-nursing care of recumbent animals
-bovine antitoxin available on limited basis

botulism prevention

-toxoid is commercially available
-remove decaying or spoiled silage
-proper disposal of carcasses

Listeria monocytogenes

What is the causative agent of Listeriosis?

listeriosis

-caused by listeria monocytogenes
-causes microabscesses in the brain
-may see herd outbreaks
-older animals more frequently infected
-cases more frequent in winter

listeria clinical signs

-fever
-head tilt/nystagmus
-circling/ataxia
-late gestation abortions
-others resembling the other diseases

necropsy

How can you get a definite diagnosis of listeria?

listeria treatment

-antibiotics
-NSAIDS
-supportive care

diseases caused by deficiencies

-polioencephalomalacia
-hypomagnesemia
-hypocalcemia

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency

What causes polioencephalomalacia?

Polioencephalomalacia

-thiamine deficiency
-calves 2-12 mos are at greatest risk
-can be caused by sudden diet change or grain overload
-cerebral edema and necrosis from decreased glucose metabolism in the brain

Polioencephalomalacia clinical signs

-headpressing
-stargazing
-death within a few days
-depression, anorexia, ataxia

response to treatments

How are the deficiencies diagnosed?

Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)

-magnesium deficieny
-can be seen with reduction in food intake or when cow graze low Mg forages

grass tetany clinical signs

- self isolation
-anorexia, ataxia, etc.
-hyperexcitable
-violent convulsions
-death from convulsions

diagnosis of deficiencies

-clinical signs
-response to treatment

no

Can you give the cows straight Mg?

grass tetany treatment

-IV admin of Ca borogluconate and Mg
-cattle that are going to recover will do so within an hour

Hypocalcemia

-milk fever
-most common deficiency
-75% of cases occur within 24 hours of calving
-breed, age, and milk production are important risk factors
-sudden loss of Ca due to initiation of lactation is the cause

first lacation

When are cows most at risk for milk fever?

milk fever clinical signs

- stage I: mild excitement and tetany without recumbency, tachycardia, hyperthermia, shifting weight
-stage II: sternal recumbency, constipation, fine muscle tremors, pupil dilation, mild bloat
-stage III: laterally recumbent, progressive loss of consciousness, severe bloat

milk fever treatment

stage I- oral or IV Ca gluconate
-stage II or III- IV Ca gluconate

prevention of milk fever

lower Ca intake during dry period atleast 10 days before calving

few hours

How long will cows with Stage III hypocalcemia live without treatment?

parasitic causes

-hypoderma bovis
-Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
-neosporosis

hypoderma bovis

-warble flies
-cause problem when they are killed by antehelmintic
-dying larvae release toxic and cause neurlogic symptoms from inflammation and edema of spinal cord
-happens between july and october

july-october

When is Hypoderma bovis seen in North America?

hypoderma bovis clinical signs

-seen 24-72 hours after anthelmintic is given
-ataxia, weakness, propioceptive defects, altered reflexes in limbs
-hind limbs most often affected

hypoderma bovis diagnosis

-clinical signs, history of parasitic treatment
-definitve diagnosis at necropsy

hypoderma bovis treatment

-symptomatic to improve the inflammatory response
-animals with severe damage to spinal cord should be euthanized

hypoderma bovis prevention

-appropriate timing of systemic anthelmintic grub treatments (before july or after october) before they migrate to epidural spaces

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

-Meningeal worm
-endemic in white tail deer
-abberant migration in small ruminants that causes severe signs of spinal cord and brainstem disease

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis clinical signs

-para or tetraplegia
-para or tetraparesis
-posterior ataxia that progresses to recumbency

brainstem disease

-depressed sensorium
-conscious proprioceptive defects
-cranial nerve deficits

Paralaphostrongylus tenuis diagnosis

-clincal signs and CSF eval
-definite at necropsy

Paralaphostrongylus tenuis treatment

-multiple high doses of antehelmintics
-NSAIDS and steriods
-supportive care

paralaphostrongylus tenius

-frequent deworming
-reduce exposure to white tail deer

late fall and winter

When should anthelmintics be given to small ruminants to prevent Paralaphostronglyus tenius?

Neosporosis

-neurological disease and abortions in ruminants
-caused by neospora caninum
-dogs pass oocysts in feces -\> cattle ingest via contaminated food and water
-infects for life
-Tachyzoites can pass through placenta and infect fetus

neosporosis clinical signs

-recumency, lethargy, difficulty rising, ataxia
-opisthotonus
-seizures
-calves not aborted are smaller and clincial signs progress with age
-chronic

neosporosis diagnosis

-little info on antemortem diagnosis
-definite done at necropsy
-serological titers can be used to determine dam's infected state

none

What are the treatments for Neosporosis?

neosporosis prevention

-prevent canine access to feed
-cull seropositive cows

3 categories of cerebellar diseases

-in utero or neonatal viral infection
-malformation
-abiotrophies

cerebellar diseases clinical signs

-hypermetria
-base-wide stance
-truncal ataxia
-intention tremors

cellebellar diseases

-BVD
-Border disease
-Blue tongue virus

BVD

-calves exposed 90-170 days of gestation
-inflammatory response -\> cellular destruction-\> secondary developmental arrest

90-170 days

When are calves infected with BVD that causes them to be neurlogical?

border disease

-affects mainly sheep
-transmitted oronasal or transplacental
-adult and newborns usually asymptomatic
-newborns infected at 16-80 days will show clinical signs that will disappear within 3-4 mo
-no treatment
-reportable

bluetongue virus

-hydraencephaly
-severely infected animals may have cerebellar lesions

recessive

Which gene are genetic cerebellar diseases found on?

hereford, shorthorn, aberdeen angus

Which breeds are cerebellar diseases typically found in?

cerebellar abiotrophy

-premature death of cerebellar tissue
-clinical signs usually develop 3-9 months
-reported in Holstein, Charolais, limousine, and angus breeds (still rare)

obturator nerve injury

-occurs as complication of dystocia
-1st calf heifers, using to much force to deliver oversized, malpositioned fetus

calving paralysis

-damage to obturator and sciatic nerve during calving
-loss of adductor function and knuckling of distal hind limb joings
-no loss to cutaneuous sensation

obturator nerve injury clinical signs

-hopping gait
-splaylegged
-cows unable to rise sit in frog-leg position
-legs split on slippery surfaces

ONI diagnosis

-Clinical signs/ history
-splits

ONI treatment

-reduce inflammation
-pain relief
-stall rest
-turn recumbent animal 6-8 times a day
-hobbles

prions diseases

-bovine spongiform encephalopathy
-CWD
-scrapie

BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy)

-affects brain of cattle and humans
-first diagnosed in UK in 1986
-many countries developed eradication programs
-1997- US banned feeding bone meal to prevent spread
-reportable

BSE clinical signs

-hyperexcitability
-anxious/apprehensive
-sensitive to sound and touch
-aggression
-ataxia
-facial/ear twitching

BSE diagnosis

-history and clinical signs
-histopath of brain (obex)

obex

Which part of the brain should be submitted to determine if the animal has BSE?

CWD

-prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer, and moose
-fatal once contracted
-found in some areas of north america
-may take 1 year to show clinical signs
-affects brain, spinal cord, and other tissues
-no strong evidence of it occurring in humans
-reportable
-not treatable

CWD transmission

infected animals body fluids via direct contact or environmental contamination

CWD diagnosis

-wasting
-lack or coordination
-drooling
-thrust/urination
-listlessness
-drooped ears

CWD diagnosis

-obex submitted for histo
-clinical signs not enough to diagnose

True

True or False: Commercial production swine are free of Psuedorabies and Brucellosis in the US

swine

Pseudorabies primarily affects?

Botulism

-ascending paralysis
-associated with contaminated feed
-no vaccine

Overeating disease

-older calves less than 2 years old affected
-associated with high grain ration

enterotoxemia

-affects calves less than 30 days old
-associated with sudden intake in calf's diet
-vaccine available

black disease

-affects cattle on high grain ration
-causes damage to liver
-vaccine available

red water

Which condition relies on liver damage (most likely caused by Fasciola Hepatica) to create the conditions to grown, and causes red urine?

Malignant edema

Which condition develops when open wound is infected with bacteria, causes edema and rapid death?

yes

Is there a vaccine for malignant edema?

Tetnus

Which condition develops when bacteria is introduced through deep puncture wounds during castration, dehorning, banding, and causes lock-jaw and a saw horse stance?

blackleg

-usually affects animals from 6 months to 2 years old
-caused by any condition that causes bruising and can promote the disease once endospores are released

Clostridium chauvoei

What bacteria causes Blackleg?

Clostridium septicum

What is the causative agent of Malignant edema?

Clostridium haemolyticum

What is the causative agent of Red Water?

Clostridium novyi type B

What is the causative agent of Black disease?

Clostridium perfringens type C

What is the causative agent of enterotoxemia?

Clostridium perfringens type D

What is the causative agent of Overeating Disease?

False

True or False: When dealing with clostridial disease, it is much more successful to treat the diseases instead of vaccination for them