Chapters 1-6 Exam

Abdominopelvic cavity

A continuous internal opening that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Anatomical position

An erect standing position with arms at the sides and palms facing forward

Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter

Cells

Thr smallest building blocks of all living things

Combined loading

The simultaneous action of two or more types of forces

Cranial cavity

The open chamber inside the skull that supports the brain

Data set

Systematically collected and recorded observations

Homeostasis

A state of regulated physiological balance

Homeostatic mechanisms

The processes that maintain homeostasis

Hypothesis

An educated guess about the outcome of a study

Independent variables

Topics under study in an investigation

Inertia

Resistance to change in state of motion

Kinetics

A field of study that analyzes the actions of forces

Mass

The quantity of matter contained in an object

Spinal cavity

The internal opening that houese the spinal cord

Anatomy

Form or structure

Gross

To the eye- physical

Microscopic

Can be seen under a lens

Physiology

Function

What is the difference between comparative anatomy and comparative physiology

Different species

What are the three types of planes

Transverse, sagittal, frontal, nonplanar

What are the four abdominal quandrants

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Superior

Close to the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

Distal

Away from the trunk

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Components of the integumentary system

Skin

Components of the skeletal system

Cartilage, joints, bones

Components of the cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels

Components of the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Metabolism

Chemical reactions in body cells

Metabolic rate

Speed with which body consumes energy

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and respond to environmental change

External movement

Walking, running, dancing

Internal movement

Blood flow, inhaling and exhaling,

Homeostatic mechanisms

Nervous and endocrine systems

Three common elements of homeostasis

Receptor, control center, effector

Negative feedback

Conditions exceeding set limit on one direction trigger reaction in opposite direction of homeostasis

Positive feedback

The body increases disruptive influence to restore homeostasis

Kinetics

Human body both generates and resists force

What are the elements of force

Size or magnitude, direction, point at which it acts

Forces that act on the body

Body weight, friction, air resistance, water resistance

Pressure

Amount of force distributed over a given area

Torque

Size of force x perpendicular distance from line of force application to center of rotation

What are Newton’s laws of motion

Law of intertia, law of acceleration, law of reaction

What factors determine whether forces result in injury

Size, direction, application point, duration of force application

Acute injury

From a single force

Repetitive injury

from relatively small forces applied repeatedly

Scientific Method step 1

Identify a research question

Scientific Method step 2

Formulate hypothesis

Scientific Method step 3

Choose participants

Scientific Method step 4

Collect the data

Scientific Method step 5

Analyze the data

Scientific Method step 6

Interpret and discuss results

Scientific Method step 7

Formulate conclusions

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Base pairs

Pairs of complementary nucleic acid bases; A and T or C and G

Cation

A positively charged ion

Electron

A negatively charged fundamental particle

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attatched

Human genome

The complete DNA sequence of a human

Microvilli

Finger like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell

Mitochondria

Organelles in the cytoplasm that make ATP

Molecules

Groups of 2 or more atoms bonded together

Neutron

A fundamental particle that has no electric charge

Nucleic acids

Key information-carrying molecules in the cells

Nucleotides

Subunits that make up nucleic acids

Chemical bonds

Atoms link up to form a molecule

Covalent bonds

Form when two atoms lowered their combined energy

Ionic bonds

Form due to electric attraction

Hydrogen bonds

Form through electrostatic attraction

Types of molecukes

Organic and inorganic

Simple carbohydrates

Glucose, sucrose

Complex carbohydrates

Polymer, glycogen

Proteins

Chains of amino acids

What do amino acids join together to form?

Peptide bonds

Structural elements of protein

Collagen

Protein enzymes

Salivary amylase

Protein carriers

Myoglobin and hemoglobin

What does plasma membrane control

What passes through a cellBip

Biopsy

Removal of a tissue sample for microscopic elimination to diagnose disease

Carcinoma

cancer that secretes the extracellular matrix of cartilage

Cartilage muscle

The major muscle tissue of the heart

Chondroblasts

Cells that secrete the extracellular matrix of cartilage

Ectoderm

The outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development

Endocrine gland

A gland that secretes its product into the interstitial space

Exocrine gland

A gland that secretes its product to the outside world

Histology

The study of tissues

Lumen

The hollow, inner portion of a body cavity or tube

Mesoderm

The middle layer of an embryo in early development

Bone tissue

Osseous tissue

Sarcoma

Cancer that originates in connective tissue